The coal-derived solid hydrocarbon particles are discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter having a particle size less than about 10 m that are substantially free of inherent or entrained mineral matter. The particles of have an average particle size in the range from 1 m to 8 m. The particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter are milled to a size approximately the same as a size of coal-derived mineral matter inherent in the coal source to release inherent coal-derived mineral matter particles such that the particles of carbonaceous matter and the particles of mineral matter are discrete and separable solid particles. Following separation, less than 1.5 wt. % discrete coal-derived mineral matter particles are associated with the discrete particles of coal-derived carbonaceous matter. Particles of coal-derived solid hydrocarbon matter are blended with a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon fuel to form a two-phase hydrocarbon fuel feedstock.

The application relates to a Ramjet solid fuel having an ignition temperature of less than 400 C., the fuel comprising a bis-(ethylene oxy) methane polysulfide polymer (BMPP) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), the copolymer having a BMPP/HTPB weight ratio of from 1/3 to 3/1; and the fuel comprising at least 85 weight % copolymer. The BMPP comprises from 5 to 8 weight percent mercaptan. Furthermore, the BMPP is selected from
HS(RSS).sub.aCH.sub.2CH((SSR).sub.cCSH)CH.sub.2(SSR).sub.bSHa) where R(CH.sub.2).sub.2OCH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 and a+b+c<7; and
H(SC.sub.2H.sub.4OCH.sub.2OC.sub.2H4S).sub.nH where n=7.b)

The application relates to a Ramjet solid fuel having an ignition temperature of less than 400 C., the fuel comprising a bis-(ethylene oxy) methane polysulfide polymer (BMPP) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), the copolymer having a BMPP/HTPB weight ratio of from 1/3 to 3/1; and the fuel comprising at least 85 weight % copolymer. The BMPP comprises from 5 to 8 weight percent mercaptan. Furthermore, the BMPP is selected from
HS(RSS).sub.aCH.sub.2CH((SSR).sub.cCSH)CH.sub.2(SSR).sub.bSHa) where R(CH.sub.2).sub.2OCH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 and a+b+c<7; and
H(SC.sub.2H.sub.4OCH.sub.2OC.sub.2H4S).sub.nH where n=7.b)

A composite heat source for use in a smoking article is provided, including a non-combustible porous ceramic matrix; and a particulate combustible fuel embedded within the non-combustible porous ceramic matrix. The non-combustible porous ceramic matrix is formed from one or more particulate materials having a median D50 particle size at least five times less than the median D50 particle size of the particulate combustible fuel. Preferably, the non-combustible porous ceramic matrix includes one or more transition metal oxides.

A composite heat source for use in a smoking article is provided, including a non-combustible porous ceramic matrix; and a particulate combustible fuel embedded within the non-combustible porous ceramic matrix. The non-combustible porous ceramic matrix is formed from one or more particulate materials having a median D50 particle size at least five times less than the median D50 particle size of the particulate combustible fuel. Preferably, the non-combustible porous ceramic matrix includes one or more transition metal oxides.

Embodiments of a process for producing high grade coke from crude oil residue include at least partially separating, in a solvent extraction unit, the crude oil residue into a deasphalted oil (DAO)-containing stream and an asphaltene containing-stream, producing a pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, where the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, mixing a supercritical water stream with the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream to create a combined feed stream, introducing the combined feed stream to an upgrading reactor system operating at supercritical temperature and pressure to yield one or more upgrading reactor output streams comprising upgraded product and a slurry mixture, where the slurry mixture comprises sulfur and one or more additional metals. The process also may include calcining the slurry mixture at a temperature of from 700 C. to 1900 C. to produce a product stream comprising the high grade coke.

Embodiments of a process for producing high grade coke from crude oil residue include at least partially separating, in a solvent extraction unit, the crude oil residue into a deasphalted oil (DAO)-containing stream and an asphaltene containing-stream, producing a pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, where the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, mixing a supercritical water stream with the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream to create a combined feed stream, introducing the combined feed stream to an upgrading reactor system operating at supercritical temperature and pressure to yield one or more upgrading reactor output streams comprising upgraded product and a slurry mixture, where the slurry mixture comprises sulfur and one or more additional metals. The process also may include calcining the slurry mixture at a temperature of from 700 C. to 1900 C. to produce a product stream comprising the high grade coke.

Methods and compositions for producing reduced carbon footprint steel compositions by providing a molten steel having a carbon content; and introducing a carbon containing agent into the molten steel. At least a portion of the carbon containing agent is a reclaimed olefin coke.

Methods and compositions for producing reduced carbon footprint steel compositions by providing a molten steel having a carbon content; and introducing a carbon containing agent into the molten steel. At least a portion of the carbon containing agent is a reclaimed olefin coke.

A method for providing raw material for an industrial process, in particular for steel production, the method including torrefying a torrefaction material, which contains biomass, in a reactor by thermochemically treating the torrefaction material at 200? C. to 600? C., to obtain bio coal, extracting the bio coal from the reactor at a first temperature of up to 600? C., providing bulk materials at a second temperature between 0? C. and 100? C., mixing bio coal with bulk material, thereby cooling down the bio coal with the bulk material and obtaining a mixture of bulk material and bio coal at a third temperature, below the self-ignition temperature of the mixture, and using the mixture to provide the raw material for the industrial process.