The present disclosure provides compounds of formula (I), and preparation method thereof,

##STR00001## wherein W is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br and I; X is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, CW.sub.3 and OR on the basis that at least one X is OR; R is independently selected from the group consisting of C(O)CH.sub.2).sub.m(CF.sub.2).sub.nY and CW.sub.2C(CW.sub.2OC(O)(CH.sub.2).sub.m(CF.sub.2).sub.nY).sub.3; m is an integer from 0 to 2; 15 n is an integer from 2 to 8; Y is C(Z).sub.3; and Z is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br and I. Such compounds may be utilised as lubricants, for example in heat transfer compositions.

A method of preventing or reducing the occurrence of Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) in a direct-injected, boosted, spark-ignited internal combustion engine that, in operation, generates a break mean effective pressure level of greater than about 15 bar, at an engine speed of from about 1500 to about 2500 rotations per minute (rpm), in which the crankcase of the engine is lubricated with a lubricating oil composition containing at least about 0.2 mass % of magnesium sulfated ash.

A method of preventing or reducing the occurrence of Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) in a direct-injected, boosted, spark-ignited internal combustion engine that, in operation, generates a break mean effective pressure level of greater than about 15 bar, at an engine speed of from about 1500 to about 2500 rotations per minute (rpm), in which the crankcase of the engine is lubricated with a lubricating oil composition containing at least about 0.2 mass % of magnesium sulfated ash.

A magnetorheological fluid is provided having a reduced coefficient of friction and favorable settling characteristics. The fluid contains magnetically responsive particles, a carrier fluid, and an amine oleate salt.

Disclosed are refrigerants comprising at least about 97% by weight of a blend of three compounds, said blend consisting of:

from about 38% by weight to about 48% by weight difluoromethane (HFC-32),
from about 6% by weight to about 12% by weight pentafluoroethane (HFC-125),
from about 33% by weight to about 41% by weight trifluoroiodomethane (CF.sub.3I) and
from about 2% by weight to about 16% by weight 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf)
wherein the percentages are based on the total weight of the three compounds in the blend, and methods and systems which use same.

A compressor system includes a compressor including a compressor inlet, a compressor outlet, and a bearing assembly, the compressor configured to compress a heat transfer fluid. An additive dispenser is fluidly coupled to the compressor upstream of the bearing assembly. The additive dispenser is configured to controllably release a volume of an additive material into the heat transfer fluid, the additive material configured to lubricate the bearing assembly. A method of lubricating a bearing assembly of compressor includes locating a volume of additive material at an additive dispenser fluidly coupled to a compressor, dispensing a portion of the additive material into the flow of heat transfer fluid at a selected time, flowing the heat transfer fluid containing the additive material to a bearing assembly of the compressor, and lubricating the bearing assembly of the compressor with the additive material.

Provided herein are hydrocarbon mixtures with controlled structure characteristics that address the performance requirements for finished lubricants driven by the stricter environmental and fuel economy regulations. The branching characteristics of the hydrocarbon molecules are controlled to provide a composition that has a unique and superior viscosity-temperature relationship and Noack volatility. An important aspect of the present invention relates to a saturated hydrocarbon mixture with at least 80% of the molecules having an even carbon number, with the branching characteristic of BP/BI in the range≥−0.6037 (Internal alkyl branching)+2.0, where on average at least 0.3 to 1.5 of the internal methyl branches are located more than 4 carbons away from the terminal carbon when analyzed by carbon NMR. The saturated hydrocarbon mixture with such unique branching structure consistently exhibits a stand out performance in the cold crank simulated viscosity (CCS) vs Noack volatility relationship, which allows for the formulation of lower viscosity engine oils with improved fuel economies.

A refrigerant composition, including trifluoroiodomethane (CF.sub.3I); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf); difluoromethane (HFC-32); and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), for use in a heat exchange system, including refrigeration applications and in particular aspects to the use of such compositions as a replacement of the refrigerant R-404A for heating and cooling applications and to retrofitting heat exchange systems, including systems designed for use with R-404A.

The process relates to a method of using catalyzed graphene with a nanoparticle reacting agent in the refrigeration circuit of a thermal vapor compression system to improve the efficiency of the system. Specifically, the present process relates to a method of using a catalyzed graphene and nanoparticle reacting agent in the refrigeration circuit of an air conditioning, heat pump, or refrigeration system to increase the performance of the system relative to an equivalent system operating in an equivalent environment without the catalyzed graphene and nanoparticle reacting agent.

Provided is a lubricating oil composition for a refrigerator which uses a base oil including as the main component at least one kind of oxygen-containing compounds selected from polyoxyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, copolymers of poly(oxy)alkylene glycols or monoethers thereof and polyvinyl ethers, polyol esters, and polycarbonates. The lubricating oil composition for a refrigerator is used for a refrigerator that uses, as a refrigerant, a fluorine-containing organic compound, which is a refrigerant applicable to current car air conditioner systems or the like and has a specific polar structure, and has favorable sealing property, a low coefficient of friction factor in a sliding part, and excellent stability as well as excellent compatibility with the refrigerant.