The present application is directed to the preparation of low viscosity bio-oils from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of lignocellulosic biomass in the presence of a crude glycerol and water mixture achieving a high biomass conversion ratio. The modified HTL process allows the direct use of crude glycerol as an effective solvent for biomass liquefaction creating a highly efficient and cost-effective process. Furthermore, the resulting bio-oils containing liquefied biomass, crude glycerol and water, were successfully applied as an inexpensive green substitute in the preparation of bio-based phenol formaldehyde (BPF) adhesives which retain bonding strengths (dry or wet strength) as required by ASTM standard and free formaldehyde emission levels at the F*** and F**** level according to the JIS standard.

The present invention discloses styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composition containing the by-products based on renewable source such as calcium salt of lanolin fatty acid (CA), magnesium salt of lanolin fatty acids, pretreated calcium salt of lanolin fatty, lanolin fatty acids like crude (CLFA) and bleached lanolin fatty acids (BLFA) and process thereof.

A system and method effect the separation of wax and oil from a sorghum slurry. The sorghum slurry is mixed with supercritical CO.sub.2 to create a first output, and the first output is mixed with liquid CO.sub.2 causing a sudden drop in temperature such that solid wax particles drop from the first output to create a second output of CO.sub.2 and oil. The second output is heated while reducing pressure such that the CO.sub.2 is put into a gas phase and the oil separates from the CO.sub.2.

A system and method effect the separation of wax and oil from a sorghum slurry. The sorghum slurry is mixed with supercritical CO.sub.2 to create a first output, and the first output is mixed with liquid CO.sub.2 causing a sudden drop in temperature such that solid wax particles drop from the first output to create a second output of CO.sub.2 and oil. The second output is heated while reducing pressure such that the CO.sub.2 is put into a gas phase and the oil separates from the CO.sub.2.

The present disclosure relates natural wax formulations, and candles made therefrom, which have improved release characteristics from containers.

Provided is a means for preparing a free ceramide (Cer) from a glycosyl inositol phospho ceramide (GIPC). Specifically provided is a composition for digesting a glycosyl inositol phospho ceramide (GIPC) or a glucosylceramide for producing a free ceramide, the composition comprising a mushroom self-digestion liquid or purified product thereof.

Provided is a means for preparing a free ceramide (Cer) from a glycosyl inositol phospho ceramide (GIPC). Specifically provided is a composition for digesting a glycosyl inositol phospho ceramide (GIPC) or a glucosylceramide for producing a free ceramide, the composition comprising a mushroom self-digestion liquid or purified product thereof.

The present invention concerns a method of extracting and refining wax from plant material. Briefly, the method comprises the steps of (a) providing plant material comprising cuticular wax, (b) disassociating cuticular wax from the plant material by subjecting said plant material to a dry mechanical treatment and suspending the dry mechanically treated material, or a fraction thereof, in an aqueous solution comprising protease and/or pectinase enzymes, thereby obtaining a sample comprising plant derived cuticular wax and dewaxed plant material in an aqueous suspension, (c) solubilizing the plant derived cuticular wax by increasing the temperature of the sample, (d) separating the suspension into a solid fraction and a liquid fraction comprising melted plant derived cuticular wax, (e) adjusting the pH and temperature of the liquid fraction to pH 5.5 or lower and 50 C. or lower, respectively, (f) separating the mixture into a waxy fraction and an aqueous fraction, (g) recovering the plant derived cuticular wax from the waxy fraction.

The present invention concerns a method of extracting and refining wax from plant material. Briefly, the method comprises the steps of (a) providing plant material comprising cuticular wax, (b) disassociating cuticular wax from the plant material by subjecting said plant material to a dry mechanical treatment and suspending the dry mechanically treated material, or a fraction thereof, in an aqueous solution comprising protease and/or pectinase enzymes, thereby obtaining a sample comprising plant derived cuticular wax and dewaxed plant material in an aqueous suspension, (c) solubilizing the plant derived cuticular wax by increasing the temperature of the sample, (d) separating the suspension into a solid fraction and a liquid fraction comprising melted plant derived cuticular wax, (e) adjusting the pH and temperature of the liquid fraction to pH 5.5 or lower and 50 C. or lower, respectively, (f) separating the mixture into a waxy fraction and an aqueous fraction, (g) recovering the plant derived cuticular wax from the waxy fraction.