The claimed invention is directed towards equipment, methods and compositions involving application of an Electric field that are suitable for in vivo electroporation, in vitro application of an Electric field and the generation of developmentally-activated, totipotent, pluripotent, pluripotent-like, multipotent, and/or self-renewing cells which are capable of beginning to differentiate in culture into a variety of cell types and capable of further differentiation in vivo. The claimed invention is also directed towards the generation of desirable, differentiating somatic cell populations transplantable to animals or patients, to drug screening and drug discovery, cellular therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, tissue engineering, and the treatment of patients suffering from diseases that may be ameliorated by these methods. This invention also provides methods for preventing, treating, or retarding disease, for example, immunodeficiency virus (e.g. HIV-1, HIV-2, SIV, FIV, etc.) infection.

Methods of production of edible filamentous fungal biomat formulations are provided as standalone protein sources and/or protein ingredients in foodstuffs as well as a one-time use or repeated use self-contained biomat reactor comprising a container with at least one compartment and placed within the compartment(s), a feedstock, a fungal inoculum, a gas-permeable membrane, and optionally a liquid nutrient medium.

The present invention relates to a method of reducing carbon dioxide and air pollutants, and more particularly to a method of simultaneously reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and air pollutants, in which an off-gas containing carbon dioxide, SOx, and NOx is passed through a sulfur-oxidizing microorganism reactor, thereby converting carbon dioxide present in the off-gas into biomass, SOx into sulfate ions, and NOx into amino-N.

A one-time use or repeated use self-contained biofilm-biomat reactor comprising a container with at least one compartment and placed within the compartment(s), a feedstock, a fungal inoculum, a gas-permeable membrane, and optionally a liquid nutrient medium is provided.

Methods of production of edible filamentous fungal biomat formulations are provided as standalone protein sources and/or protein ingredients in foodstuffs as well as a one-time use or repeated use self-contained biomat reactor comprising a container with at least one compartment and placed within the compartment(s), a feedstock, a fungal inoculum, a gas-permeable membrane, and optionally a liquid nutrient medium.

The invention relates to a scaffold for steering cells into a predetermined direction of cell functionality, preferably a cell differentiation scaffold for steering cells into a predetermined direction of cell differentiation. The scaffold comprises a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-, or rubber-, or silicone-based polymeric surface, and one or more cell functionality-inducing stimuli, preferably one or more cell differentiation-inducing stimuli, coupled to the polymeric surface.

A method for forming a product from a gas includes flowing a gas through a bioreactor for contacting the gas with polymer-immobilized whole cells and collecting the product from the bioreactor. The bioreactor includes a plurality of printed three-dimensional structures, each printed three-dimensional structure having at least one sidewall being a lattice, and the polymer-immobilized whole cells being present in the lattice.

Methods of production of edible filamentous fungal biomat formulations are provided as standalone protein sources and/or protein ingredients in foodstuffs as well as a one-time use or repeated use self-contained biomat reactor comprising a container with at least one compartment and placed within the compartment(s), a feedstock, a fungal inoculum, a gas-permeable membrane, and optionally a liquid nutrient medium.

A method for improving biomass production and/or growth rate of a microorganism in a fermentation process is shown, and includes: (i) providing one or more microorganisms; (ii) providing a fermentation substrate suitable for fermenting the one or more microorganisms; (iii) mixing the one or more microorganisms and the fermentation substrate providing a fermentation broth; (iv) adding the fermentation broth to a fermentation tank; (v) injecting at least one gaseous substrate into the fermentation broth; (vi) running the fermentation process for a fermentation period of at least 1 hour; wherein the at least one gaseous substrate comprises one or more greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2).

According to the invention, an aliquot of must is sent from a wine making vat into an air-lift-type fermenting-desugaring unit, wherein homogenization of the aliquot and aeration of the yeasts are carried out with controlled heating in order to achieve aerobic fermentation until all the sugar in the aliquot has been consumed completely.