A method of proteolyzing a protein, including immobilizing a protein in at least one pore of a porous body, and contacting the protein immobilized in the pore and a protease immobilized on a solid surface such that the protease selectively accesses a site of the protein and proteolyzes the protein at the site.

A method of proteolyzing a protein, including immobilizing a protein in at least one pore of a porous body, and contacting the protein immobilized in the pore and a protease immobilized on a solid surface such that the protease selectively accesses a site of the protein and proteolyzes the protein at the site.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing an effective new means for efficiently reducing the amount of diacylglycerol in a fat/oil (by conversion into triacylglycerol). Disclosed is a method for producing a fat/oil, including a step in which a lipase having a ratio of transesterification activity to hydrolysis activity of 0.007 or higher is caused to act on a diacylglycerol-containing fat/oil.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing an effective new means for efficiently reducing the amount of diacylglycerol in a fat/oil (by conversion into triacylglycerol). Disclosed is a method for producing a fat/oil, including a step in which a lipase having a ratio of transesterification activity to hydrolysis activity of 0.007 or higher is caused to act on a diacylglycerol-containing fat/oil.

Compositions and methods related to Cas proteins, nucleic acids encoding the Cas proteins, and modified host cells comprising the Cas proteins and/or encoding nucleic acids are disclosed. Cas proteins are useful in a variety of applications. Cas proteins bind guide RNAs that in turn provide functional specificity to the Cas proteins, nucleic acids encoding the Cas guide RNAs, and modified host cells comprising the Cas guide RNAs and/or encoding nucleic acids. The Cas polypeptides and corresponding guide RNAs can be used in a variety of applications.

Compositions and methods related to Cas proteins, nucleic acids encoding the Cas proteins, and modified host cells comprising the Cas proteins and/or encoding nucleic acids are disclosed. Cas proteins are useful in a variety of applications. Cas proteins bind guide RNAs that in turn provide functional specificity to the Cas proteins, nucleic acids encoding the Cas guide RNAs, and modified host cells comprising the Cas guide RNAs and/or encoding nucleic acids. The Cas polypeptides and corresponding guide RNAs can be used in a variety of applications.

Methods, systems, devices and materials for producing biofuels under nanoscale control (“nanobiofuels”) are provided. In one aspect, the invention provides method for producing a biofuel, including providing a hydrocarbon producing organism; exposing the biological hydrocarbon producing organism to conditions effective to cause substantial release of the hydrocarbon from the biological hydrocarbon producing organism; and isolating at least a portion of the hydrocarbon. At least one of the actions of providing, exposing, and isolating is performed using a corresponding nanoscale control.

Polypeptide scaffolds comprising enzymatic proteins are provided. The enzymatic polypeptide scaffolds comprise heterologous enzymes to form a heterologous metabolic pathway, and can be targeted to a substrate through a surface anchoring domain. The enzymatic polypeptide scaffolds leverage the high specificity and affinity protein/protein interaction between the cohesins and dockerins of microorganismal cellulosomes to form custom enzymatic arrays.

Polypeptide scaffolds comprising enzymatic proteins are provided. The enzymatic polypeptide scaffolds comprise heterologous enzymes to form a heterologous metabolic pathway, and can be targeted to a substrate through a surface anchoring domain. The enzymatic polypeptide scaffolds leverage the high specificity and affinity protein/protein interaction between the cohesins and dockerins of microorganismal cellulosomes to form custom enzymatic arrays.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for preparing enzyme-immobilized beads used for preparation of tagatose, and a method for preparing enzyme-immobilized beads using the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus for preparing enzyme-immobilized beads, comprising a nozzle with an inside diameter of 0.1-1 mm having a cylindrical lower end and comprising a cut-type liquid outlet (cut perpendicularly to the vertical axis of the nozzle) formed at the lower end, and a method for preparing enzyme-immobilized beads using the same.