Primary leachate is used as a plant growth stimulant. A fermentation medium is fermented with a microbial culture in a bioreactor to produce a primary leachate comprising microorganisms derived from the microbial culture and/or naturally occurring microorganisms. The primary leachate is isolated from the bioreactor, diluted with water, and used to irrigate plants to reduce bacterial diversity and stimulate beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere around the plants. The fermentation medium may be organic waste, preferably food waste. A secondary leachate may also be used as a plant growth stimulant. The primary leachate is used to culture black soldier fly larvae with a substrate in a secondary processing bioreactor under suboptimal culture conditions, thereby producing secondary leachate. Melanin is extracted therefrom by acid precipitation. The secondary leachate is then diluted with water and used to irrigate plants, reducing bacterial diversity and stimulating beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere around the plants.

A method of producing drug resistant cells including contacting exosomes from a living organism exhibiting drug resistance with cells exhibiting no drug resistance such that drug resistant cells are formed, and culturing the drug resistant cells.

The present invention relates to an improved method and device for treating biomass in which thermally treated biomass is discharged from a pressurized prehydrolysis reactor unit and dewatered before it is cooled with cold liquid. The cooled slurry of biomass is then enzymatically treated.

The present invention provide a medium composition for suspension culture of an adherent cell, containing (1) a chitin nanofiber; and (2) a chitosan nanofiber or a polysaccharide.

Rapid, animal protein free, chromatographic processes and systems for obtaining high potency, high yield botulinum neurotoxin for research, therapeutic and cosmetic use.

There is disclosed a cardiac explant-derived stem cell (EDC), the cell comprising a gene encoding an intermediate-conductance Ca.sup.2+-activated K.sup.+ channel, and wherein the gene causes an overexpression of the intermediate-conductance Ca.sup.2+-activated K.sup.+ channel, and methods of producing same. There is also disclosed a method of producing engineered EDCs having a modulated bioelectric property, the method comprising: obtaining EDCs; introducing a KCNN4 gene into the EDCs to increase the expression of KCa3.1 channels, to produce engineered EDCs. There is also disclosed a composition for treating or ameliorating a damaged myocardium in a subject, the composition comprising extracellular vesicles isolated from cultures of engineered EDCs. There is also disclosed a method for treating or ameliorating a damaged myocardium in a subject, comprising administering the engineered EDCs or the extracellular vesicles isolated from cultures of engineered EDCs to the damaged myocardium of the subject.

There is disclosed a cardiac explant-derived stem cell (EDC), the cell comprising a gene encoding an intermediate-conductance Ca.sup.2+-activated K.sup.+ channel, and wherein the gene causes an overexpression of the intermediate-conductance Ca.sup.2+-activated K.sup.+ channel, and methods of producing same. There is also disclosed a method of producing engineered EDCs having a modulated bioelectric property, the method comprising: obtaining EDCs; introducing a KCNN4 gene into the EDCs to increase the expression of KCa3.1 channels, to produce engineered EDCs. There is also disclosed a composition for treating or ameliorating a damaged myocardium in a subject, the composition comprising extracellular vesicles isolated from cultures of engineered EDCs. There is also disclosed a method for treating or ameliorating a damaged myocardium in a subject, comprising administering the engineered EDCs or the extracellular vesicles isolated from cultures of engineered EDCs to the damaged myocardium of the subject.

An objective of the present invention is to provide a culturing method, by which Bacillus bacterial spores can be efficiently produced. The present invention provides a method for producing Bacillus bacterial spores, comprising culturing Bacillus bacteria in a liquid medium containing a sugar or a sugar-source raw material at a concentration between 50.1 g/L and 100 g/L at the start of culture, and then in the course of the culture, feeding a fed-batch medium containing a sugar or a sugar-source raw material and a nitrogen-containing compound, and having the weight ratio (C/N ratio) of carbon atoms to nitrogen atoms ranging from 5.5 to 13.5 to the liquid medium.

An objective of the present invention is to provide a culturing method, by which Bacillus bacterial spores can be efficiently produced. The present invention provides a method for producing Bacillus bacterial spores, comprising culturing Bacillus bacteria in a liquid medium containing a sugar or a sugar-source raw material at a concentration between 50.1 g/L and 100 g/L at the start of culture, and then in the course of the culture, feeding a fed-batch medium containing a sugar or a sugar-source raw material and a nitrogen-containing compound, and having the weight ratio (C/N ratio) of carbon atoms to nitrogen atoms ranging from 5.5 to 13.5 to the liquid medium.

The disclosure relates to methods, systems and compositions for use in the production of milk. More specifically, the disclosure is directed to systems, compositions and methods for in-vitro production of milk using an array of mammary organoids seeded on tertiary-branched, resilient duct scaffolding.