A hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid production method and system is disclosed that can include receiving an aqueous solution having glucose, water, and glucose oxidase at a reaction chamber. Here, the reaction chamber facilitates an enzymatic reaction between a gas phase and a liquid phase of the aqueous solution, thereby yielding a first solution comprising hydrogen peroxide, gluconic acid, and the glucose oxidase. The method can further include receiving the first solution at a separation chamber, wherein the separation chamber is comprised of a semi-permeable membrane having a pre-defined molecular weight barrier for separating the glucose oxidase, thereby resulting in a combined hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid solution. The method can further include at least partially converting the gluconic acid into a gluconate salt, and separating and concentrating the hydrogen peroxide from the gluconic acid or gluconate salt via vacuum flash evaporation and vacuum distillation.

In some embodiments, a method may include treating pulp in pulp and paper mills. The methods may include providing a peracetate oxidant solution and generating a reactive oxygen species. The peracetate solution may include peracetate anions and a peracid. In some embodiments, the peracetate solution may include a pH from about pH 10 to about pH 12. In some embodiments, the peracetate solution has a molar ratio of peracetate anions to peracid ranging from about 60:1 to about 6000:1. In some embodiments, the peracetate solution has a molar ratio of peracetate to hydrogen peroxide of greater than about 16:1. The peracetate oxidant solution may provide enhanced treatment methods of bleaching, brightening, and delignifying pulp fibers involving the use of peracetate oxidant solutions.

In some embodiments, a method may include treating pulp in pulp and paper mills. The methods may include providing a peracetate oxidant solution and generating a reactive oxygen species. The peracetate solution may include peracetate anions and a peracid. In some embodiments, the peracetate solution may include a pH from about pH 10 to about pH 12. In some embodiments, the peracetate solution has a molar ratio of peracetate anions to peracid ranging from about 60:1 to about 6000:1. In some embodiments, the peracetate solution has a molar ratio of peracetate to hydrogen peroxide of greater than about 16:1. The peracetate oxidant solution may provide enhanced treatment methods of bleaching, brightening, and delignifying pulp fibers involving the use of peracetate oxidant solutions.

Disclosed are genetically engineered organisms, such as yeast and bacteria, that have the ability to metabolize atypical nitrogen sources, such as melamine and cyanamide. Fermentation methods using the genetically engineered organisms are also described. The methods of the invention are robust processes for the industrial bioproduction of a variety of compounds, including commodities, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

Disclosed are genetically engineered organisms, such as yeast and bacteria, that have the ability to metabolize atypical nitrogen sources, such as melamine and cyanamide. Fermentation methods using the genetically engineered organisms are also described. The methods of the invention are robust processes for the industrial bioproduction of a variety of compounds, including commodities, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

A method for carbon resource utilization is disclosed. According to one embodiment, the method includes (a) supplying carbon dioxide to a medium to form bicarbonate ions (HCO.sub.3.sup.−) (S100), (b) inoculating one or more microalgal species into the medium, followed by photo-culture (S200), and (c) supplying calcium ions (Ca.sup.2+) to the medium, where the microalgal species are photo-cultured, to produce calcite (CaCO.sub.3)-containing biomass (S300).

A method for carbon resource utilization is disclosed. According to one embodiment, the method includes (a) supplying carbon dioxide to a medium to form bicarbonate ions (HCO.sub.3.sup.−) (S100), (b) inoculating one or more microalgal species into the medium, followed by photo-culture (S200), and (c) supplying calcium ions (Ca.sup.2+) to the medium, where the microalgal species are photo-cultured, to produce calcite (CaCO.sub.3)-containing biomass (S300).

CO.sub.2, and other gases are utilized with mineral feedstock to synthesize products. The synthesized products, as the result of liquid, solid, gas photo-chemical reactions within the advanced bioreactor of the disclosed embodiment, are precipitated raw material for multiple consumer and industrial products. Waste heat, pressure and torque produced from the bioreactor are utilized for generating electricity and/or heat through a combination of energy recovery devices. Energy recovery devices offsets and lower the cost of operating the reactor as the disclosed reactor integrates photolysis via ultra-violet light, as an integral component, of a reactor system, composed also of an active mixer-agitator assembly, pressure and vacuum vessel chamber, heat source, and ports for media ingestion. The disclosed reactor is designed be conducive to transforming gaseous, solid, and liquid feedstock, like carbon dioxide —CO.sub.2, and other feedstocks that are inorganic and/or organic in an aqueous medium, into inorganic and organic products.

CO.sub.2, and other gases are utilized with mineral feedstock to synthesize products. The synthesized products, as the result of liquid, solid, gas photo-chemical reactions within the advanced bioreactor of the disclosed embodiment, are precipitated raw material for multiple consumer and industrial products. Waste heat, pressure and torque produced from the bioreactor are utilized for generating electricity and/or heat through a combination of energy recovery devices. Energy recovery devices offsets and lower the cost of operating the reactor as the disclosed reactor integrates photolysis via ultra-violet light, as an integral component, of a reactor system, composed also of an active mixer-agitator assembly, pressure and vacuum vessel chamber, heat source, and ports for media ingestion. The disclosed reactor is designed be conducive to transforming gaseous, solid, and liquid feedstock, like carbon dioxide —CO.sub.2, and other feedstocks that are inorganic and/or organic in an aqueous medium, into inorganic and organic products.

The present invention generally relates to methods of biological reduction of metal-cyanide complexes after metal-cyanidation and methods of biologically hydrolysing cyanide. More particularly, the present invention allows the engineering of an integrated synthetic lixiviant biological system to be housed within a synthetic host (such as the cyanogenic Chromobacterium violaceum) for efficient precious metal recovery and toxic metal remediation of electronic waste; with up to four main components/modules in the design and engineering of the synthetic host: 1) synthetic cyanogenesis; 2) synthetic metal recovery; 3) synthetic cyanolysis; and 4) synthetic circuits for lixiviant biology. Bacteria capable of reducing ionic metal to ionic metal (such as gold or silver) as nanoparticles, comprising mercury(ll) reductase (MerA) comprising a substitution mutation at position V317, Y441, C464, A323D, A414E, G415I, E416C, L417I, I418D, or A422N, are also disclosed. Processes of synthetic cyanide lixiviant production using genetically engineered bacterium transformed with a heterologous hydrogen cyanide synthase gene and a heterologous 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase mutant gene are also disclosed. Processes of synthetic cyanolysis using a genetically engineered bacterium transformed with a heterologous nitrilase gene are also disclosed.