Methods for catalyzing CH insertion reactions using heme enzymes are described. The present disclosure provides a method for producing a CH insertion product comprising providing an substrate having an sp.sup.3-hybridized CH bond, a carbene precursor such as a diazo reagent, and a heme enzyme, and admixing the components in a reaction for a time sufficient to produce the CH insertion product. Heme enzyme variants useful for carrying out in vivo and in vitro CH insertion reactions, as well as expression vectors and host cells expressing the heme enzymes, are also described.

Described are HIV kinase variants showing an improved activity in converting 3-hydroxyisovalerate (HIV) into 3-phosphonoxyisovalerate (PIV), methods for the production of PIV using such enzyme variants as well as methods for the production isobutene in a subsequent reaction.

Described are HIV kinase variants showing an improved activity in converting 3-hydroxyisovalerate (HIV) into 3-phosphonoxyisovalerate (PIV), methods for the production of PIV using such enzyme variants as well as methods for the production isobutene in a subsequent reaction.

The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that phytic acid tenaciously precipitates with soluble metals in food or fuel ethanol-processing fluid, producing insoluble organometallic salt deposit or scale on the processing equipment that must be removed in order to facilitate further ethanol processing. The present invention relates to converting phytic acid salts or phytates to inorganic phosphates to improve metal solubility and reduce deposition within processing equipment.

The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that phytic acid tenaciously precipitates with soluble metals in food or fuel ethanol-processing fluid, producing insoluble organometallic salt deposit or scale on the processing equipment that must be removed in order to facilitate further ethanol processing. The present invention relates to converting phytic acid salts or phytates to inorganic phosphates to improve metal solubility and reduce deposition within processing equipment.

The disclosure provides a metabolic pathway for producing a metabolite, the metabolic pathway having a co-factor regulatory system for cofactor utilization in the metabolic pathway.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-oxobutoxy)phosphonate pathway, p-toluate pathway, and/or terephthalate pathway. The invention additionally provides methods of using such organisms to produce (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-oxobutoxy)phosphonate pathway, p-toluate pathway or terephthalate pathway.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-oxobutoxy)phosphonate pathway, p-toluate pathway, and/or terephthalate pathway. The invention additionally provides methods of using such organisms to produce (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-oxobutoxy)phosphonate pathway, p-toluate pathway or terephthalate pathway.

Isolated oxidases, isolated polynucleotides encoding the oxidases, and methods of using the oxidases to produce -oxocarboxylic acid compounds or L--amino acid compounds are described.

Isolated oxidases, isolated polynucleotides encoding the oxidases, and methods of using the oxidases to produce -oxocarboxylic acid compounds or L--amino acid compounds are described.