Localized detection of RNA in a tissue sample that includes cells is accomplished on an array. The array include a number of features on a substrate. Each feature includes a different capture probe immobilized such that the capture probe has a free 3 end. Each feature occupies a distinct position on the array and has an area of less than about 1 mm.sup.2. Each capture probe is a nucleic acid molecule, which includes a positional domain including a nucleotide sequence unique to a particular feature, and a capture domain including a nucleotide sequence complementary to the RNA to be detected. The capture domain can be at a position 3 of the positional domain.

The present invention discloses a Salmonella Paratyphi A with an O-antigen having an extended carbohydrate chain and uses thereof. The method comprises the following steps: inactivating an cld gene encoding an enzyme controlling chain length of O-antigen of a Salmonella paratyphi A strain to obtain a Salmonella paratyphi A with deletion of cld gene; allowing overexpression of cld.sub.LT2 gene encoding an enzyme controlling chain length of O-antigen of Salmonella typhimurium in Salmonella paratyphi A deficient in the cld gene encoding an enzyme controlling chain length of O-antigen, so as to extend carbohydrate chain length of O-antigen. Both of the Salmonella paratyphi A O-polysaccharide-recombinant fusion protein conjugate vaccines rCTB4573.sub.3-OPS.sub.Spty50973 and rEPA4573-OPS.sub.Spty50973 as prepared by using Salmonella Paratyphi A with an O-antigen having an extended carbohydrate chain can induce mice to generate specific antibodies against Salmonella paratyphi A, and their antibody titers are significantly improved.

The present invention is directed to enzymes having Asx-specific ligase and cyclase activity and to nucleic acids encoding those as well as methods of the manufacture of said enzymes. Further encompassed are methods and uses of these enzymes.

The present disclosure provides methods and compositions for detecting and spatially locating analyte interactions and gene expression in a biological sample. For example, provided herein are methods of determining a location of at least one analyte in a biological sample using analyte-binding moieties, proximity ligation, and an array including capture probes.

Localized detection of RNA in a tissue sample that includes cells is accomplished on an array. The array include a number of features on a substrate. Each feature includes a different capture probe immobilized such that the capture probe has a free 3 end. Each feature occupies a distinct position on the array and has an area of less than about 1 mm.sup.2. Each capture probe is a nucleic acid molecule, which includes a positional domain including a nucleotide sequence unique to a particular feature, and a capture domain including a nucleotide sequence complementary to the RNA to be detected. The capture domain can be at a position 3 of the positional domain.

Localized detection of RNA in a tissue sample that includes cells is accomplished on an array. The array include a number of features on a substrate. Each feature includes a different capture probe immobilized such that the capture probe has a free 3 end. Each feature occupies a distinct position on the array and has an area of less than about 1 mm.sup.2. Each capture probe is a nucleic acid molecule, which includes a positional domain including a nucleotide sequence unique to a particular feature, and a capture domain including a nucleotide sequence complementary to the RNA to be detected. The capture domain can be at a position 3 of the positional domain.

Proposed are recombinant entomopathogenic bacteria transformed using promoter replacement technique, a preparation method, and uses thereof for producing pesticides and controlling pests. Provided are recombinant entomopathogenic bacteria in which the promoter of the GXP synthase gene (gxpS gene) is replaced in the entomopathogenic bacteria with an arabinose inducible promoter using a promoter replacement technique. The recombinant entomopathogenic bacteria prepared in the present disclosure can produce large quantities of GXPs, which acts to suppress immunity of pests, by controlling the expression of the GXP synthetase gene (gxpS gene) through an addition of an inducer. The recombinant entomopathogenic bacteria prepared in the present disclosure can also effectively control pests through a response that suppresses the immunity of pests.

The present invention relates to a composition for detecting a target gene based on cDNA synthesis using a ligation method that does not use reverse transcription and a method for multiple ligation-assisted recombinase polymerase amplification, and since a target gene may be detected through a visual change with only a short reaction time of about 30 minutes at room temperature without the synthesis of cDNA using reverse transcriptase, the present invention may be effectively used for point-of-care genetic molecular diagnosis of RNA viruses and the like.

The invention relates generally to the field of nucleic acid detection. In particular, the specification teaches a method of detecting a polynucleotide analyte in a sample. In one aspect, the method comprises the use of a cleaving agent with flap endonuclease activity and a type V CRISPR/Cas effector protein. In another aspect, the type V CRISPR/Cas effector protein is a Cast 2 protein.

The present invention discloses a method to quantify tRNA abundance and tRNA modifications in an RNA sample that comprises contacting RNA with oligonucleotides in the presence of a ligating agent and performing nanopore direct sequencing. It also discloses a kit to perform said method.