A powder metal composition for high wear and temperature applications is made by atomizing a melted iron based alloy including 3.0 to 7.0 wt. % carbon; 10.0 to 25.0 wt. % chromium; 1.0 to 5.0 wt. % tungsten; 3.5 to 7.0 wt. % vanadium; 1.0 to 5.0 wt. % molybdenum; not greater than 0.5 wt. % oxygen; and at least 40.0 wt. % iron. The high carbon content reduces the solubility of oxygen in the melt and thus lowers the oxygen content to a level below which would cause the carbide-forming elements to oxidize during atomization. The powder metal composition includes metal carbides in an amount of at least 15 vol. %. The microhardness of the powder metal composition increases with increasing amounts of carbon and is typically about 800 to 1,500 Hv50.

A thermal scavenging system to remove remnant lubricants from interior of bright annealing steel tubes is provided. The system is retrofitted to bright annealing furnace with a conveyer belt and hydrogen gas source and comprises hydrogen-blowing rack, flexible rubber hoses and a lighter. The tubes are placed on the conveyer belt. The hydrogen-blowing rack comprises a hydrogen gas manifold and outlet nozzles connected to tailing ends of the tubes by flexible rubber hoses. At the leading ends of the tubes, a lighter ignites the hydrogen gas to insure all tubes are filled with hydrogen gas, instead of atmospheric air. Then rubber hoses are unplugged from the leading ends and the hydrogen-filled tubes are fed into the furnace for heat treatment. At high annealing temperature, lubricant remnants are burned off the tube's interior surfaces. A negative difference in atmospheric pressure, combustion products of hydrocarbons are scavenged out from the tailing ends.

Provided are a hot work tool material having an annealed structure effective for producing a finer quenched and tempered structure when made into a hot work tool, and a method for manufacturing a hot work tool. A hot work tool material which has an annealed structure and which is used upon being quenched and tempered, wherein the hot work tool material has a composition that can be adjusted to a martensite structure by the aforementioned quenching, and ferrite grains in a cross-section of the annealed structure of the hot work tool material have, in an oversize cumulative distribution based on the cross-sectional area of the ferrite grains, a grain diameter distribution such that the grain diameter is 25 m or less as a circle equivalent diameter when the cumulative cross-sectional area is 90% of the total cross-sectional area. In addition, a method for manufacturing a hot work tool in which quenching and tempering is performed on the aforementioned hot work tool material.

A shape memory alloy including a NiTi based alloy is superelastic at temperatures of about 40 C. to about 60 C. after being exposed to temperatures of about 55 C. to about 85 C. A method of forming a memory shape alloy may include preparing a rod comprising a NiTi alloy, drawing a wire from the rod, and treating the wire at a temperature of about 500 C. to about 550 C. for about less than 1 minute.

Embodiments include a heating device for heating a workpiece, comprising a furnace defining a closed space insulated from exterior and surrounded by a heat insulator, a heater disposed in the furnace to heat a workpiece, at least one support element for supporting a workpiece in the furnace, and a base holding the at least one support element. The base may comprise a mounting portion, a support element retaining portion for each support element, the retaining portion horizontally offset from the mounting portion, and a reinforcement portion configured to increase the strength of the base against deformation due to a load of the workpiece and/or support element applied through the support element retaining portion.

By having a steel composition containing, by mass %, C: 0.02% to 0.50%, Si: 0.05% to 0.50%, Mn: 0.5% to 2.0%, P: 0.05% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Al: 0.01% to 0.10%, N: 0.0005% to 0.008%, O: 0.01% or less, and V: 0.05% to 0.30% and Mo: 0.05% to 1.13% where a ratio of number of V atoms to number of Mo atoms is in a range of 0.6 to 2.0, the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, and controlling the average particle size of fine complex carbides of V and Mo in a range of 1 nm to 20 nm, a steel structure for hydrogen gas such as a hydrogen storage vessel or a hydrogen line pipe that has excellent hydrogen embrittlement resistance in high pressure hydrogen environment can be obtained.

The present invention discloses a low-B rare earth magnet. The rare earth magnet contains a main phase of R.sub.2T.sub.14B and comprises the following raw material components: 13.5 at %4.5 at % of R, 5.2 at %5.8 at % of B, 0.3 at %0.8 at % of Cu, 0.3 at %3 at % of Co, and the balance being T and inevitable impurities, the R being at least one rare earth element comprising Nd, and the T being an element mainly comprising Fe. 0.30.8 at % of Cu and an appropriate amount of Co are co-added into the rare earth magnet, so that three Cu-rich phases formed in the grain boundary, and the magnetic effect of the three Cu-rich phases existing in the grain boundary and the solution of the problem of insufficient B in the grain boundary can obviously improve the squareness and heat-resistance of the magnet.

A cast cylinder block for an internal combustion engine includes a first and a second cylinder bore and a shared bore wall. The first cylinder bore includes a first bore wall and the second cylinder bore includes a second bore wall. The shared cylinder bore wall includes a first portion and a second portion. A portion of the first bore wall combines with a portion of the second bore wall to form the shared cylinder bore wall. The first portion of the shared bore wall is an as-cast portion. The second portion of the shared bore wall is a metal matrix composite.

A heat treatment apparatus for a cylinder block, performs heat treatment by feeding gas. The heat treatment apparatus comprises a first feed part configured to feed the gas toward bores of the cylinder block, from a first side or a second side of the bores in an axis direction of the bores.

A method and system provide a magnetic transducer having an air-bearing surface (ABS). The method includes providing a first shield, a first read sensor, an antiferromagnetically coupled (AFC) shield that includes an antiferromagnet, a second read sensor and a second shield. The read sensors are between the first and second shields. The AFC shield is between the read sensors. An optional anneal for the first shield is in a magnetic field at a first angle from the ABS. Anneals for the first and second read sensors are in magnetic fields in desired first and second read sensor bias directions. The AFC shield anneal is in a magnetic field at a third angle from the ABS. The second shield anneal is in a magnetic field at a fifth angle from the ABS. The fifth angle is selected based on a thickness and a desired AFC shield bias direction for the antiferromagnet.