Disclosed is an alloyed steel powder for powder metallurgy from which sintered parts that do not contain expensive Ni, or Cr or Mn susceptible to oxidation, that have excellent compressibility, and that have high strength in an as-sintered state can be obtained. The alloyed steel powder for powder metallurgy has: a chemical composition containing Mo: 0.5 mass % to 2.0 mass % and Cu: 1.0 mass % to 8.0 mass %, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities; and a microstructure in which an FCC phase is present at a volume fraction of 0.5% to 10.0%.

Disclosed is an alloyed steel powder for powder metallurgy from which sintered parts that do not contain expensive Ni, or Cr or Mn susceptible to oxidation, that have excellent compressibility, and that have high strength in an as-sintered state can be obtained. The alloyed steel powder for powder metallurgy has: a chemical composition containing Mo: 0.5 mass % to 2.0 mass % and Cu: 1.0 mass % to 8.0 mass %, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities; and a microstructure in which an FCC phase is present at a volume fraction of 0.5% to 10.0%.

Provided are materials that include one or more metals in solid solution with a level of nitrogen that is at a concentration higher than the a solubility limit of nitrogen in the alloy in a liquid state at atmospheric pressure. The materials may be utilized as a protective layer on a substrate, such as an Al containing substrate. Also provided are methods of forming the solid solution materials and articles employing them on a surface of a substrate.

A powder containing tungsten carbide has an Fsss particle size of greater than or equal to 0.3 m and less than or equal to 1.5 m, and a content rate of the tungsten carbide of greater than or equal to 90% by mass. The powder has a crystallite size (average particle diameter) Y satisfying a relational expression of Y0.1X+0.20 (X: the Fsss particle size of the power containing tungsten carbide).

A powder containing tungsten carbide has an Fsss particle size of greater than or equal to 0.3 m and less than or equal to 1.5 m, and a content rate of the tungsten carbide of greater than or equal to 90% by mass. The powder has a crystallite size (average particle diameter) Y satisfying a relational expression of Y0.1X+0.20 (X: the Fsss particle size of the power containing tungsten carbide).

An object of the present invention is to provide: a stainless steel powder which can be used in a powder-shaping method involving a rapid melting process and a rapid cooling process for solidification to produce a shaped article that is less susceptible to solidification cracking; a powder material for producing a shaped article, containing the stainless steel powder; and a method of producing a shaped article using the stainless steel powder, and, to achieve the object, the present invention provides a powder of a stainless steel, including: Cr in an amount of 10.5% by mass or more and 20.0% by mass or less; Ni in an amount of 1.0% by mass or more and 15.0% by mass or less; C, Si, Mn and N in a total amount of 0% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less; Mo, Cu and Nb in a total amount of 0% by mass or more and 5.0% by mass or less; and P and S in a total amount of 0% by mass or more and 0.03% by mass; with the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities; wherein the stainless steel satisfies the following formula (1):

Cr.sub.eq/Ni.sub.eq1.5(1).

A superalloy target wherein the superalloy target has a polycrystalline structure of random grain orientation, the average grain size in the structure is smaller than 20 m, and the porosity in the structure is smaller than 10%. Furthermore, the invention includes a method of producing a superalloy target by powder metallurgical production, wherein the powder-metallurgical production starts from alloyed powder(s) of a superalloy and includes the step of spark plasma sintering (SPS) of the alloyed powder(s).

A method for effectively removing minute impurities of 1 m or less in size that are present on a surface of an aluminum nitride single-crystal substrate without etching the surface includes scrubbing a surface of an aluminum nitride single-crystal substrate using a polymer compound material having lower hardness than an aluminum nitride single crystal, and an alkali aqueous solution having 0.01-1 mass % concentration of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, the alkali aqueous solution being absorbed in the polymer compound material.

A method of additively manufacturing includes generating a thermal model driven scan map that identifies an equiaxed cap region, a single crystal (SX) region, and a columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) region; and forming an active melt pool with respect to the thermal model driven scan map such that a depth of the active melt pool is greater than a thickness of the equiaxed transition (CET) region.

An alloy has, by weight: nickel (Ni) as a largest constituent; 6.7% to 7.5% chromium; 1.8% to 2.3% molybdenum; 4.75% to 10.3% cobalt; 5.3% to 5.9% aluminum; 2.8% to 3.2% rhenium; 3.7% to 7.3% tungsten; and 6.0% to 9.0% tantalum.