Any metal having a low -ray emission, the metal being any one of tin, silver, copper, zinc, or indium, wherein an emission of an -ray after heating the metal at 100 C. in an atmosphere for six hours is 0.002 cph/cm.sup.2 or less. Any metal of tin, silver, copper, zinc and indium each including lead as an impurity is dissolved to prepare a hydrosulfate aqueous solution of the metal and lead sulfate is precipitated and removed in the solution. The lead sulfate is precipitated in the hydrosulfate aqueous solution by adding a lead nitrate aqueous solution including lead having an a-ray emission of 10 cph/cm.sup.2 or less to the hydrosulfate aqueous solution, from which the lead sulfate has been removed, and, at the same time, the solution is circulated while removing the lead sulfate to electrowinning the metal using the hydrosulfate aqueous solution as an electrolytic solution.

Shape memory yarns described herein include twisted microfilaments made from a shape memory alloy that may provide superelastic or shape memory properties. The shape memory yarns are formed into coils that provide a high degree of actuation or elasticity along an axis of the coiled shape memory yarn, and may have relatively low porosity, low rigidity, and/or low change of volume compared to shape memory coils formed from solid structures. Coiled shape memory yarns may provide further tailorability of a superelastic or shape memory response of a system or device incorporating the coiled shape memory yarns through various coil parameters, such as coil pitch or density, or torque balancing, such as heat treating or plying the coiled shape memory yarns.

Novel metallic systems and methods for their fabrication provide an extreme creep-resistant nano-crystalline metallic material. The material comprises a matrix formed of a solvent metal with crystalline grains having diameters of no more than about 500 nm, and a plurality of dispersed metallic particles formed on the basis of a solute metal in the solvent metal matrix and having diameters of no more than about 200 nm. The particle density along the grain boundary of the matrix is as high as about 2 nm.sup.2 of grain boundary area per particle so as to substantially block grain boundary motion and rotation and limit creep at temperatures above 35% of the melting point of the material.

Advanced ultra high temperature ceramic (UHTC) systems with higher temperature capabilities, particularly an integrated ceramic coating and ceramic matrix composite (ICC-CMC). Also disclosed are coating and/or ceramic matrix composites and architecture arrangements to achieve ultra-high temperature and heat flux capability, resistance to oxidation, combustion, and a wide range of spectrum wavelength and charged particle radiation environments.

Aluminum alloys described herein include silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, and chromium. In various implementations, the aluminum alloys also include one or more of zinc and titanium. Typically, a total amount of iron and manganese in the aluminum alloys is no less than 0.28% by weight and no greater than 0.45% by weight, and the grains in the aluminum alloys have an average grain length of no greater than 6 mm. Aluminum alloy billets can be forged for wheel production at selected temperatures.

The magnet material is represented by a composition formula 1: (R.sub.1-xY.sub.x).sub.aM.sub.bA.sub.c, where R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe and Co, A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of N, C, B, H and P, x is a number satisfying 0.01x0.8, a is a number satisfying 4a20 atomic %, b is a number satisfying b=100ac atomic %, and c is a number satisfying 0c18 atomic %), and includes a main phase having a Th.sub.2Ni.sub.17 crystal structure. A concentration of the element M in the main phase is 89.6 atomic % or more.

The present disclosure relates to a biodegradable metal alloy with multiple properties, containing: 0.05-0.15 wt % of calcium; a metal element X having a HCP structure, of a composition not forming a precipitated phase when mixed with magnesium; and magnesium as the remainder.

Disclosed is a PVD ceramic thin film-coated cutting insert properly usable for machining a hard-to-cut material such as inconel or titanium having low thermal conductivity. The cutting insert for hard-to-cut materials includes a cemented carbide base material having an SMS value of 50-80% obtained by [Formula 1] below, and a ceramic thin film formed on the cemented carbide base material and having a thickness of about 0.4-1.5 m. [Formula 1]: SMS=Saturation magnetization value of sintered body100/TMS, where TMS=2010Mass ratio of Co.

According to an embodiment, a magnetic element includes a first layer, a first magnetic layer, a second magnetic layer, a first nonmagnetic layer, a second layer, and a third magnetic layer. The first layer includes ruthenium. The second magnetic layer is provided between the first layer and the first magnetic layer. The first nonmagnetic layer provided between the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer. The second layer includes tantalum. The second layer contacts the first layer and is provided between the first layer and the second magnetic layer. A lattice plane spacing of the second layer in a first direction is not less than 0.23 nm and not more than 0.25 nm. The first direction is from the first layer toward the first magnetic layer. The third magnetic layer includes manganese. The third magnetic layer is provided between the second layer and the second magnetic layer.

Aluminum alloys described herein include silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, and chromium. In various implementations, the aluminum alloys also include one or more of zinc and titanium. Typically, a total amount of iron and manganese in the aluminum alloys is no less than 0.28% by weight and no greater than 0.45% by weight, and the grains in the aluminum alloys have an average grain length of no greater than 6 mm. Aluminum alloy billets can be forged for wheel production at selected temperatures.