An aluminum nitride film includes a polycrystalline aluminum nitride. A withstand voltage of the aluminum nitride film is 100 kV/mm or more.

A coated steel substrate has a steel substrate having a surface. A coating layer is atop the surface. The coating layer includes: aluminum activated by indium; and a ceramic binder. The coating also may comprise of multiple layers with different properties to facilitate the galvanic protection capability.

A method of treating a sintered mining insert including cemented carbide includes the step of subjecting the mining insert to a surface hardening process. The surface hardening process is executed at an elevated temperature of or above 100° C. A mining insert is also provided, wherein the HV1 Vickers hardness measurement increase (HV1%) from the surface region, measured as an average of HV1 measurements taken at 100 μm, 200 μm and 300 μm below the surface, compared to the HV1 Vickers hardness measured in the bulk (HV1bulk), is at least 8.05-0.00350×HV1bulk.

The metal material of the present disclosure includes: a metal base; and a film provided on a surface of the metal base and containing a fluorine-containing molybdenum compound, the fluorine-containing molybdenum compound being represented by the formula MoO.sub.xF.sub.y wherein x is a number from 0 to 2 and y is a number from 2 to 5.

This invention relates to a thin and texturized film that can be applied onto a non-smooth surface to improve hardness, corrosion resistance and wear resistance properties of the surface while maintaining the underlying profile of the non-smooth surface. An additive overlaying process can be employed to produce the thin and texturized film on the non-smooth surfaces without substantial alteration or degradation of the underlying surface texture or profile of the non-smooth surfaces so as to sufficiently preserve the underlying surface texture or profile. The thin and texturized film fully covers the non-smooth in a uniform manner and maintains the surface profile.

A method of manufacturing a copper oxide (Cu.sub.xO) structure onto a Copper (Cu) surface by fabricating an electroactive hierarchical Cu.sub.xO structure directly onto the Cu surface by laser-induced oxidation (LIO). The generated heat from the laser source provides energy for the oxidation of the Cu surface in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. The electroactive hierarchical Cu.sub.xO structure is a binder-free nanotextured structure. The electroactive hierarchical Cu.sub.xO structure may be used as a glucose sensor.

A method of manufacturing a copper oxide (Cu.sub.xO) structure onto a Copper (Cu) surface by fabricating an electroactive hierarchical Cu.sub.xO structure directly onto the Cu surface by laser-induced oxidation (LIO). The generated heat from the laser source provides energy for the oxidation of the Cu surface in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. The electroactive hierarchical Cu.sub.xO structure is a binder-free nanotextured structure. The electroactive hierarchical Cu.sub.xO structure may be used as a glucose sensor.

A spark plug that prevents a decrease in strength of a member to which a mark is attached while ensuring a readability of the mark, and a method of manufacturing the spark plug. The spark plug is configured to ignite an air-fuel mixture in an internal combustion engine. The spark plug includes: a mark formed of an oxide film generated on a surface of a metallic member or is formed of the metallic member and the oxide film; and a coating material covering the whole mark and allowing transmission of light.

A spark plug that prevents a decrease in strength of a member to which a mark is attached while ensuring a readability of the mark, and a method of manufacturing the spark plug. The spark plug is configured to ignite an air-fuel mixture in an internal combustion engine. The spark plug includes: a mark formed of an oxide film generated on a surface of a metallic member or is formed of the metallic member and the oxide film; and a coating material covering the whole mark and allowing transmission of light.

Grain-oriented electrical steel sheet excellent in magnetic properties and excellent in adhesion of a primary coating to a base steel sheet, an annealing separator utilized for manufacture of grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, and a method for manufacturing grain-oriented electrical steel sheet are proposed. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is provided with a base metal steel sheet containing comprising a predetermined chemical composition and a primary coating formed on a surface of the base steel sheet and comprising Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4 as a main constituent. The primary coating satisfies the conditions of (1) the number density D3 of the Al concentrated region: 0.020 to 0.180/μm.sup.2, (2) (total area S5 of regions which is anchoring oxide layer regions and is also Al concentrated regions)/(total area S3 of Al concentrated regions)≥33%, (3) distance H5 of mean value of length in thickness direction of regions which is anchoring oxide layer regions and is also Al concentrated regions minus H0: 0.4 to 4.0 μm, (4) (total area S1 of anchoring oxide layer regions)/(observed area S0)≥15%.