The invention relates to a polymer structure (1) formed by at least a polymer, wherein said structure (1) comprises a volume (2) and a surface (3), wherein said polymer comprises a plurality of polymer chains connected by linkings, characterized by a linking density, wherein said linking density increases, particularly monotonously, from the surface (3) into the volume (2) of the polymer structure (1).

The invention relates to a polymer structure (1) formed by at least a polymer, wherein said structure (1) comprises a volume (2) and a surface (3), wherein said polymer comprises a plurality of polymer chains connected by linkings, characterized by a linking density, wherein said linking density increases, particularly monotonously, from the surface (3) into the volume (2) of the polymer structure (1).

The present invention concerns a method for preparing a compound of the following formula (III): R.sub.2(SO.sub.2)NM(SO.sub.2)F (III) in which R.sub.2 represents one of the following radicals: F, CF.sub.3, CHF.sub.2, CH.sub.2F, C.sub.2HF.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.3F.sub.2, C.sub.2F, C.sub.3F.sub.7, C.sub.3H.sub.4F.sub.3, C.sub.3HF.sub.6, C.sub.4F.sub.9, C.sub.4H.sub.2F.sub.7, C.sub.4H.sub.4F, CF.sub.11, C.sub.6F.sub.13, C.sub.7F.sub.1, C.sub.8F.sub.17 or C.sub.9F.sub.19. M represents a monovalent or divalent cation; the method comprising: a step b) of fluorinating a compound of the following formula (I): R.sub.1(SO.sub.2)NH(SO.sub.2)Cl (I) in which R represents one of the following radicals: Cl, F, CF.sub.3, CHF.sub.2, CH.sub.2F, C.sub.2HF.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.3, C.sub.2H.sub.3F.sub.2, C.sub.2F, C.sub.3F.sub.7, C.sub.3H.sub.4F.sub.3, C.sub.3HF.sub.6, C.sub.4F.sub.9, C.sub.4H.sub.2F.sub.7, C.sub.4H.sub.4F, CF.sub.11, C.sub.6F.sub.13, C.sub.7F.sub.15, C.sub.8F.sub.17 or C.sub.9F.sub.19, R preferably representing Cl; with at least one fluorinating agent; 2a step c) of distilling the composition obtained in step b).

The application relates to a process for operating in starting mode or in stand-by mode a unit, termed power-to-gas unit, comprising a number N of reactors (1) with a stack of elemental electrolysis cells of solid oxide type (SOEC), the cathodes of which are made of methanation reaction catalyst material(s).

The application relates to a process for operating in starting mode or in stand-by mode a unit, termed power-to-gas unit, comprising a number N of reactors (1) with a stack of elemental electrolysis cells of solid oxide type (SOEC), the cathodes of which are made of methanation reaction catalyst material(s).

An electrochemical conversion method for converting at least a portion of a first mixture comprising hydrocarbon to C.sub.2+ unsaturates by repeatedly applying an electric potential difference, V(.sub.1), to a first electrode of an electrochemical cell during a first time interval .sub.1; and reducing the electric potential difference, V(.sub.1), to a second electric potential difference, V(.sub.2), for a second time interval .sub.2, wherein .sub.2.sub.1. The method is beneficial, among other things, for reducing coke formation in the electrochemical production of C.sub.2+ unsaturates in an electrochemical cell. Accordingly, a method of reducing coke formation in the electrochemical conversion of such mixtures and a method for electrochemically converting carbon to C.sub.2+ unsaturates as well as an apparatus for such methods are also provided.

An electrochemical conversion method for converting at least a portion of a first mixture comprising hydrocarbon to C.sub.2+ unsaturates by repeatedly applying an electric potential difference, V(.sub.1), to a first electrode of an electrochemical cell during a first time interval .sub.1; and reducing the electric potential difference, V(.sub.1), to a second electric potential difference, V(.sub.2), for a second time interval .sub.2, wherein .sub.2.sub.1. The method is beneficial, among other things, for reducing coke formation in the electrochemical production of C.sub.2+ unsaturates in an electrochemical cell. Accordingly, a method of reducing coke formation in the electrochemical conversion of such mixtures and a method for electrochemically converting carbon to C.sub.2+ unsaturates as well as an apparatus for such methods are also provided.

Composite materials are made by impregnating a non-conductive material with a conducting monomer to form a monomer-impregnated non-conductive material, and polymerizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material to form the composite material. The composite materials are used in medical devices and implants.

Composite materials are made by impregnating a non-conductive material with a conducting monomer to form a monomer-impregnated non-conductive material, and polymerizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material to form the composite material. The composite materials are used in medical devices and implants.

A method for the electrochemical reaction of an organic material, and a device in which a corresponding method is carried out including a porous electrode for the electrochemical reaction of organic compounds in two immiscible phases in an electrochemical flow reactor. A first nonpolar solvent and a first polar electrolyte or a first organic material in the form of a liquid or gas and the first polar electrolyte form a first phase boundary with one another in such a form that the first phase boundary in the electrochemical conversion is at least partly within a first electrode, preferably at an interface between a first lipophilic layer and a second hydrophilic layer.