A process for preparing lead by electroreduction with ammonium sulfate and ammonia is provided. In the process, an ammonium sulfate aqueous solution is used as an electrolyte, a lead compound is used as a raw material, titanium is used as an anode, stainless steel or lead is used as a cathode, and a direct-current electric field is applied in an electrolytic bath; the lead compound is reduced to metal lead after obtaining electrons at the cathode; and at the anode, ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen for escaping, and H.sup.+ ions are generated simultaneously; sulfate radical ions and chloride ions in the lead compound enter the solution and react with the ammonia water to form ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride; and the lead monoxide and lead dioxide in the lead compound are reduced to a metal lead and OH.sup. ions are released to combine with the H.sup.+ ions to form water.

The invention relates to an EWS module device for electro-winning and/or electro-refining, based on a saturated leaching solution of PLS/electrolyte/raffmate/ILS without solvent extraction, characterised by comprising: a tank (10 and 12); a set of electrolytic cells contained within the tank, wherein the cells are electrically and volumetrically separated by the internal walls of the module (14), with the cells being connected in series by a joining board or capping board (3); an intercellular bar (1); an intercellular bar guide (2); inlet and outlet ducts for the PLS/electrolyte/raffinate/ILS (17) and (11) for each cell independently; and each EWS module is in turn connected to the other modules by an inter-module connector (18), and same in turn control the connection and disconnection of the EWS modules by an interrupter (25); operating process of the EWS module device; and connection and disconnection process between different EWS module devices.

The present description relates to a process for producing magnesium metal from magnesium-bearing ores using serpentine. The process described herein consists generally in a mineral preparation and classification followed by leaching with dilute hydrochloric acid. The slurry is filtered and the non-leached portion, containing amorphous silica is recovered. The residual solution is neutralized and purified by chemical precipitation with non activated and activated serpentine. The nickel is also recovered by precipitation at higher pH. A final neutralisation and purification step of magnesium chloride solution by precipitation allows eliminating any traces of residual impurities. The purified magnesium chloride solution is evaporated until saturation and the MgCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O is recovered by crystallization in an acid media. The salt is dehydrated and subsequent electrolysis of anhydrous magnesium chloride produces pure magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid.

A process for preparing lead by electroreduction with an ammonium chloride and an ammonia is disclosed. In the process, an ammonium chloride aqueous solution is used as an electrolyte, a lead compound is used as a raw material, titanium is used as an anode, stainless steel or lead is used as a cathode, and a direct-current electric field is applied in an electrolytic bath; the lead compound is reduced to metal lead after obtaining electrons at the cathode; and at the anode, ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen for escaping, and H.sup.+ ions are generated simultaneously; sulfate radical ions and chloride ions in the lead compound enter the solution to form ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride; and the lead monoxide and lead dioxide in the lead compound are reduced to a metal lead and OH.sup. ions are simultaneously released to combine with the H.sup.+ ions to form water.

The invention comprises methods and apparatuses for the electrorefining of Mg from Al or Mg alloy scrap. The invention utilizes the density and charge features of Mg present in a melted alloy to continuously extract Mg and Mg alloys from a melted Al alloy feed.

The invention comprises methods and apparatuses for the electrorefining of Mg from Al or Mg alloy scrap. The invention utilizes the density and charge features of Mg present in a melted alloy to continuously extract Mg and Mg alloys from a melted Al alloy feed.

Provided is a method for efficiently separating and recovering tungsten and other valuable(s) from at least one valuable containing tungsten. The present invention relates to a method for recovering at least one valuable containing tungsten, comprising subjecting a raw material mixture comprising at least one valuable containing tungsten to electrolysis using an electrolytic solution containing at least one alcohol amine to dissolve tungsten in the electrolytic solution, electrodeposit a part of the valuable(s) onto a cathode used for the electrolysis and separate at least one valuable other than the valuable(s) electrodeposited onto the cathode as a residue in the electrolytic solution, and then separating and recovering each of the residue and the valuable(s) electrodeposited onto the cathode.

The present application refers to a method for the reduction of the corrosiveness of a heat storage or heat transfer fluid material for the high-temperature range and a device for said method. The respective heat storage or heat transfer fluid material obtained by the method may be used in solar thermal power plants, conventional fossil power plants with higher flexibility, pumped thermal energy storage, combined heat and power plants, intermediate storage of high-temperature process heat, or in sensible heat storage with molten salts.

Disclosed methods relate to producing an aluminum-scandium (AlSc) alloy. A method can include providing an electrolyte bath comprising a first portion of at least one of ScF.sub.3 or AlF.sub.3 and a first portion of at least one of LiF, NaF, or KF; providing a cathode in electrical contact with the electrolyte bath; providing an anode in electrical contact with the electrolyte bath; adding a first portion of SC.sub.2O.sub.3 into the electrolyte bath; reacting an aluminum ion with the cathode; applying an electric current to the cathode, thereby reacting a scandium ion with the cathode to produce the AlSc alloy.

Certain systems comprise a reactor (e.g., a reduction cell such as an electrolytic cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte) comprising molten metal within a container; and a collection vessel at least partially contained within the container of the reactor, the collection vessel comprising an opening fluidically connected to the container of the reactor. Some systems comprise a reactor; and a collection vessel comprising a first opening fluidically connected to the reactor and a second opening fluidically connected to a source of gas (e.g., inert gas) and to a source of negative pressure.