This disclosure enables high-productivity controlled fabrication of uniform porous semiconductor layers (made of single layer or multi-layer porous semiconductors such as porous silicon, comprising single porosity or multi-porosity layers). Some applications include fabrication of MEMS separation and sacrificial layers for die detachment and MEMS device fabrication, membrane formation and shallow trench isolation (STI) porous silicon (using porous silicon formation with an optimal porosity and its subsequent oxidation). Further, this disclosure is applicable to the general fields of photovoltaics, MEMS, including sensors and actuators, stand-alone, or integrated with integrated semiconductor microelectronics, semiconductor microelectronics chips and optoelectronics.

This disclosure enables high-productivity fabrication of porous semiconductor layers (made of single layer or multi-layer porous semiconductors such as porous silicon, comprising single porosity or multi-porosity layers). Some applications include fabrication of MEMS separation and sacrificial layers for die detachment and MEMS device fabrication, membrane formation and shallow trench isolation (STI) porous silicon (using porous silicon formation with an optimal porosity and its subsequent oxidation). Further, this disclosure is applicable to the general fields of photovoltaics, MEMS, including sensors and actuators, stand-alone, or integrated with integrated semiconductor microelectronics, semiconductor microelectronics chips and optoelectronics.

A bicycle gear having a first coating layer obtained by a plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment and a second coating layer, overlapped on the first coating layer, that is a lubricating substance, preferably a fluoropolymer.

A method for treating a surface of a brush holder apparatus, where the brush holder apparatus is configured for use in a dynamoelectric machine, includes an electropolishing step that electropolishes the surface of the brush holder apparatus. An anodizing step anodizes the surface of the brush holder apparatus. The electropolishing step is performed before the anodizing step.

A method is provided for producing a motor vehicle body in a hybrid design. The motor vehicle body (2) has a bodyshell structure (1) and a floor module (4). The bodyshell structure (1) has a structure frame (3), and the floor module (4) is a fiber composite component. The method includes passing the structure frame (3) through a CDC process before connecting the floor module (4) to the structure frame (3).

A method is provided for producing a motor vehicle body in a hybrid design. The motor vehicle body (2) has a bodyshell structure (1) and a floor module (4). The bodyshell structure (1) has a structure frame (3), and the floor module (4) is a fiber composite component. The method includes passing the structure frame (3) through a CDC process before connecting the floor module (4) to the structure frame (3).

A steel sheet for a container includes a steel sheet, a Sn coated layer which is provided as an upper layer of the steel sheet and contains Sn in an amount of 560 to 5600 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of Sn metal, and a chemical treatment layer which is provided as an upper layer of the Sn coated layer and contains a Zr compound in an amount of 3.0 to 30.0 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of Zr metal and a Mg compound in an amount of 0.50 to 5.00 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of Mg metal.

An electronic device housing and an electronic device including the same are provided. An electronic device housing includes a metal substrate, a plastic injection part formed on one area on a surface of the metal substrate, an oxide film layer formed on one area on the surface of the metal substrate, a plating layer formed on one area on the surface of the metal substrate, and a deposition layer formed on the plating layer, wherein the oxide film layer and the plating layer may be formed to be apart from each other.

A titanium or titanium alloy material for a separator of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having high contact conductivity with carbon and high durability, and including an oxide film formed on a titanium or titanium alloy substrate by a stabilization treatment performed after a passivation treatment, and one or more kinds of conductive materials selected from carbide, nitride, carbonitride, and boride of tantalum, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, and chromium, the conductive materials being dispersed in the oxide film and having a major axis diameter of from 1 nm to 100 nm. A contact resistance value with a carbon paper is 20 m.Math.cm.sup.2 or less at a surface pressure of 10 kgf/cm.sup.2 before and after an accelerated deterioration test in which the titanium or titanium alloy material is immersed in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution having an adjusted pH of 4 at 80 C. for four days.

The invention relates to a method for forming a lining on the walls of an inner pipe of a cast aluminium-alloy part, including inserting a cathode into the pipe, circulating an electrolyte solution in said pipe between the cathode and the walls of the pipe forming an anode, and applying a potential difference between the anode and the cathode, the method being characterised in that applying the potential difference between the anode and the cathode includes applying a series of DC voltage pulses to the anode. The invention also relates to a cylinder head in which the exhaust pipes are lined with a lining obtained by implementing said method.