Disclosed are polymers, methods of making polymers, and compositions, focused on cross-linking heterocycles comprising a moiety of Formula I with thiols and thiolates.

Disclosed are polymers, methods of making polymers, and compositions, focused on cross-linking heterocycles comprising a moiety of Formula I with thiols and thiolates.

A reduction electrode of an embodiment includes a metal base material and a plurality of metal nanowires provided on the metal base material. The plurality of metal nanowires include metal nanowires whose average height of contour curve of surface is 20 nm or less for 50% or more in a number ratio. The plurality of metal nanowires are formed by reducing a plurality of metal oxides each having a nanowire shape formed on the metal base material by an electrochemical reduction method. A reduction process of the metal oxides includes a first process of passing a current under a constant current condition where an absolute value is 5 mA/cm.sup.2 or more through the plurality of metal oxides, and a second process of passing a current under a constant potential condition through the plurality of metal oxides.

A reduction electrode of an embodiment includes a metal base material and a plurality of metal nanowires provided on the metal base material. The plurality of metal nanowires include metal nanowires whose average height of contour curve of surface is 20 nm or less for 50% or more in a number ratio. The plurality of metal nanowires are formed by reducing a plurality of metal oxides each having a nanowire shape formed on the metal base material by an electrochemical reduction method. A reduction process of the metal oxides includes a first process of passing a current under a constant current condition where an absolute value is 5 mA/cm.sup.2 or more through the plurality of metal oxides, and a second process of passing a current under a constant potential condition through the plurality of metal oxides.

A nanocrystalline material based on a stainless steel surface. In percentage by weight, the nanocrystalline material comprises: 0 to 3% of carbon, 20% to 35% of oxygen, 40% to 53% of chromium, 10% to 35% of ferrum, 0 to 4% of molybdenum, 1% to 4% of nickel, 0 to 2.5% of silicon, 0 to 2% of calcium, and the balance of impurity elements. Also disclosed is a preparation method for the nanocrystalline material, and the nanocrystalline material that is based on a stainless steel surface and that is prepared by using the preparation method.

A method for electrolytically passivating a surface of silver, silver alloy, gold, or gold alloy, the method comprising the steps of (i) providing a substrate comprising the surface, (ii) providing an aqueous passivation solution comprising trivalent chromium ions, and one or more than one species of carboxylic acid residue anions, (iii) contacting the substrate with the passivation solution and passing an electrical current between the substrate as a cathode and an anode such that a passivation layer is electrolytically deposited onto the surface, wherein the trivalent chromium ions with respect to all species of carboxylic acid residue anions form a molar ratio in the range from 1:10 to 1:400.

Provided is a metal film forming apparatus capable of forming a uniform metal film on a surface of a substrate by uniformly pressurizing an electrolyte membrane against the surface of the substrate. The film forming apparatus includes first and second film forming units, a coupling portion that couples the first and second film forming units together, a pressure device including a pressure unit that pressurizes substrates with electrolyte membranes of the respective film forming units via the coupling portion, and a power supply unit adapted to apply a voltage across each anode and each substrate. The film forming units are coupled to the coupling portion via their respective first elastic bodies that elastically deform in the pressurization direction of the pressure unit.

Provided is a anodizing apparatus, including: a base configured to support a target product including a first bore that requires an anodizing surface treatment and a second bore that is connected to the first bore and excluded from the anodizing surface treatment; a working part configured to perform the anodizing surface treatment on the first bore; and a cover part configured to cover an outer surface of the target product, wherein the working part includes at least one electrode bar configured to access and enter the first bore, and a plurality of spray nozzles provided integrally with each of the at least one electrode bar and configured to selectively supply one of a degreasing solution, an electrolyte, and a cleaning solution to the first bore.

A film that contains Ni.sub.2O.sub.3H as a main component.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a black-colored medical device being safe for living bodies with a shortened time for applying a pulse potential. The method for producing the black-colored medical device includes a step S1 of applying a square wave pulse potential to a stainless-steel medical device immersed in an electrolytic aqueous solution as one electrode for 40 to 90 minutes to form a colored passivation film on a surface of the medical device; and a step S3 of applying silicone to the medical device after applying the pulse potential. The method may include a step of curing a part of the medical device after the step of applying the pulse potential and before the step of applying silicone.