Various embodiments may relate to a method of forming a fiber. The method may include forming a tube using a thermal drawing process. The method may also include providing one or more mixtures into the tube. The method may further include freezing the one or more mixtures within the tube using a freeze-casting process such that a first plurality of walls formed by MXene sheets and a second plurality of walls formed by nanomaterials, the MXene sheets and the nanomaterials comprised in the one or more mixtures, define a plurality of spaces within the tube, thereby forming the fiber.

Provided herein is a novel formulation of a quasi-permanent charge-bearing nanofiber, and a one-step fabrication method of the nanofiber thereof. The novel formulation allows flexibility in adjusting the type of charges and crystallinity of the nanofiber product as desired, and the one-step fabrication method allows easy and cost-effective production of these nanofibers without the use of external physical charging. The charge-bearing nanofibers of the present invention also show remarkable stability under different temperature and chemical conditions, and a significant charge retention over a time period of 12 months.

Provided herein is a novel formulation of a quasi-permanent charge-bearing nanofiber, and a one-step fabrication method of the nanofiber thereof. The novel formulation allows flexibility in adjusting the type of charges and crystallinity of the nanofiber product as desired, and the one-step fabrication method allows easy and cost-effective production of these nanofibers without the use of external physical charging. The charge-bearing nanofibers of the present invention also show remarkable stability under different temperature and chemical conditions, and a significant charge retention over a time period of 12 months.