A sports field comprises a base structure and a cover. The cover is at least partly permeable to fluid, especially water. The base structure comprises voids for containing fluid. The base structure forms a substantially continuous deck supporting the cover. The cover comprises or is formed by an artificial sports layer, such as artificial grass. At least a number of the voids are in fluid communication with each other. Wick elements are provided fluidly connecting at least a number of the voids with the cover for supplying fluid from the voids to the top layer.

Various embodiments for a panel that may be combined with other similar panels to form a padding layer of an athletic field, or other surface, are disclosed. The panel for use in a padding layer of a panel system includes a top side having a center configured to support a top layer, the top side having a surface that slopes downwards from the center of the top side to edges of the panel, where the top side comprises top-side projections having a height varied from other ones of the top-side projections. The panel includes a bottom side having a plurality of bottom-side projections and a drainage hole that fluidly couples top-side projections with bottom-side projections.

Certain pavement systems and methods for paving are suitable for locations containing a generally weak subgrade with a California Bearing Ratio of four (4) or lower. The pavement system includes a first geogrid layer placed directly on the subgrade; a first granular layer upon the first geogrid layer, the first granular layer having a thickness of from 0.5 times to 20 times the aperture distance of the geogrid layer; a first geocell layer upon the first granular layer comprising a geocell and an infill material; and a capping layer over the geocell layer. A second geocell/geogrid layer can be placed beneath the capping layer if desired. An optional surface layer may be applied upon the capping layer if desired. The resulting pavement system provides long-term support for pavements applied over the pavement system.

A system for supporting a paver layer that includes a layer of sand, a concrete layer, a base, drain pipes, and a gravel layer. The layer of sand, the concrete layer and the concrete layer are each formed in a substantially horizontal direction, with the layer of sand being formed above the concrete layer and the concrete layer being formed above the base. The drain pipes are provided in a substantially vertical orientation, with an upper end of each drain pipe provided within or slightly below the concrete layer.

A system for supporting a paver layer that includes a layer of sand, a concrete layer, a base, drain pipes, and a gravel layer. The layer of sand, the concrete layer and the concrete layer are each formed in a substantially horizontal direction, with the layer of sand being formed above the concrete layer and the concrete layer being formed above the base. The drain pipes are provided in a substantially vertical orientation, with an upper end of each drain pipe provided within or slightly below the concrete layer.

Various embodiments provide surface compositions and methods for porous, flexible, and durable surfaces that may stabilize native soil, provide substantially uniform drainage of moisture, and provide a barrier between the native soil, vegetation, and other compositions disposed over the surface composition, such as sand and/or soil. The compositions and methods may comprise utilizing a liquid coating composition, liquid binder, and/or antimicrobial composition in combination with a particulate material configured to provide a desired pore size, elasticity, compression, and/or stability to the surface composition. Various embodiments of the surface composition may form a prefabricated flexible bunker liner for application to the native soil in a golf course bunker beneath sand to maintain sand quality, control moisture, and prolong bunker life.

An adjustment method of moisture content and dense state for a hydrogel improved subgrade based on weather-resistance during an in-service period, including: step 1: carrying out surface cleaning and compaction of ground; step 2: preparing hydrogel improved subgrade raw material; step 3: paving the prepared material on the surface to form first-layer improved subgrade; and step 4: paving plain soil subgrade onto the first-layer. The method combines the water absorption and release function of the modified resin and the characteristic of the gel state thereof, to pave the improved subgrade in layers, which can absorb water and slightly expand when the water content in the subgrade is increased to a certain threshold value, and a strength and compactness protective layer can also be formed at the connection sections of the ground and the subgrade, and the subgrade and the pavement, to prevent the pot-cover effect from occurring.

A surface underlayment system and its method of manufacture that is sandwiched between an impact-receiving upper surface and a lower foundation. The energy absorbing system has subassemblies of interconnected modules that cooperate to absorb and distribute impact forces applied thereto. Each module has one or more frustoconical support structures. At least some of the frustoconical support structures have bases that underlie the upper impact-receiving surface such as a golf putting green, a football field, marine decking, and senior living flooring.

A modular assembly and method of installing a modular assembly is provided. The modular assembly can include a plurality of base members made of a plastic material, each base member including a top surface and a bottom surface opposite of the top surface, the bottom surface defining channels. A plurality of support members can be provided, each of the plurality of support members may extend across the plurality of base members and disposed within the channels of the plurality of base members. A mounting bracket can be configured to mount each of the plurality of support members to a metal plate of a lower support structure, the metal plate being received by a clamp of the mounting bracket. Each of the plurality of base members can adjoin one another to form a horizontal platform for traffic.

A modular assembly and method of installing a modular assembly is provided. The modular assembly can include a plurality of base members made of a plastic material, each base member including a top surface and a bottom surface opposite of the top surface, the bottom surface defining channels. A plurality of support members can be provided, each of the plurality of support members may extend across the plurality of base members and disposed within the channels of the plurality of base members. A mounting bracket can be configured to mount each of the plurality of support members to a metal plate of a lower support structure, the metal plate being received by a clamp of the mounting bracket. Each of the plurality of base members can adjoin one another to form a horizontal platform for traffic.