A support layer for supporting an artificial turf assembly. The support layer being formed of a polymeric foam, preferably having a density of between 20 and 70 grams per liter, such as a polyolefin foam; and having an upper side and a lower side, wherein in use the support layer has been placed with the lower side thereof on a base surface and supports, on the upper side thereof, the artificial turf assembly, the support layer including a plurality of through drainage holes extending from the upper side to the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow via the plurality of drainage holes from the upper side to the lower side, and also including a plurality of channels at the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow through the channels along the lower side, wherein each of said plurality of drainage holes debouches into one of the plurality of channels. The support layer is further included in an artificial turf system, that includes an artificial turf assembly with the support layer supported on a base surface such as a layer of sand, wherein the support layer forms, at the upper sides thereof, a closed support surface supporting the artificial turf assembly.

Structural cells and matrices using the structural cells for positioning below a hardscape that define a void space therein, the structural cells, matrices using the cells and methods of assembly allowing in one embodiment the introduction of a structural fluid such as concrete to provide an alternative structural cell and matrix product. In one embodiment a structural cell assembly is described comprising a structural cell with a plurality of legs integrally linked to a frame at a first frame end, the frame linking the legs together and the frame defining a generally flat plane with the legs extending substantially orthogonally away from the first frame end about the frame flat plane to a leg terminal end; and a separate plate engaging the legs, the separate plate comprising linked sockets, each socket engaging the leg terminal end; and/or linked sockets, each socket engaging the leg frame ends or a part thereof.

A system, kit and method for forming a reinforced road base wherein the system comprises an outer barrier having an upright portion forming a wall, a deadhead located inward on the road base of the outer barrier and at least one brace extending between the outer barrier and the deadhead, wherein each of the outer barrier, deadhead and at least one brace include metal connecting plates aligned with each other and operable to be welded together. The method comprises locating the outer barrier along an edge of the road base to be formed, locating a deadhead inward of the outer barrier along the road base, spanning between the outer barrier and the deadhead with at least one brace and securing the brace to the deadhead and the outer barrier by welding connecting therebetween.

A flexible pavement structure comprises a surface layer, a base layer, a sub-base layer, and a subgrade layer. Herein, the surface layer is adjacent to and above the base layer, and the sub-base layer is adjacent to and above the subgrade layer. The flexible pavement structure further comprises a layered system composed of first, second, and third materials different from each other, and is disposed as an interface layer between the base layer and the sub-base layer. The first material is a geotextile fabric selected from a group consisting of polypropylene and polyethylene, providing ground stabilization or reinforcement properties. The second material is a waterproof heat insulation material selected from a group consisting of cross-linked polyethylene foam and laminated aluminum foil, providing waterproofing or impermeability properties. The third material is a glass foamed insulation material.

Various embodiments for a pad that may be combined with other similar pads to form a padding layer of an athletic field, or other surface, are disclosed. The pad includes a top surface and a bottom surface. Bottom-side projections are positioned on the bottom surface of the pad. Water channels are positioned on the bottom surface of the pad defined as a recessed area between individual ones of the bottom-side projections. A drainage hole is positioned in at least one of the bottom-side projections such that the drainage hole does not connect with any of the water channels on the bottom surface.

A support structure, including an excavation and a plurality of irregularly shaped foamed glass bodies at least partially filing the excavation. Each respective irregularly shaped foamed glass body has an aspect ratio of about 1:1.7 and a diameter of about 1 inch. The irregularly shaped foamed glass bodies intersect to define stacking angles of at least about 35 degrees. Under compression, the irregularly shaped foamed glass bodies crush and break up before slip failure occurs such that the roadbed has a crushing failure mode.

Various embodiments of a system for monitoring drainage of a permeable pavement system are provided as well as various exemplary installation scenarios. In particular, embodiments of a permeable (or pervious) pavement management platform are disclosed herein. In embodiments, the pavement management platform provides a service that allows the user to determine vacuum maintenance needs for permeable (or pervious) pavement systems. Advantages of the platform include: subscription-based asset management platform as a service (PaaS), customized off-the-shelf water-level sensors, off-the-shelf tipping-bucket rain gauge, observation well installation consistent with industry standards, can be implemented in residential, commercial, municipal, county, and state systems, lithium-ion battery powered sensor, LoRA sensor to hub data transmission network, cellular data transmission from hub, electrical power for cellular data transmission hub (can be solar panel powered), real-time dashboarding of surface runoff storage, real-time dashboarding of ground water recharge rate, and permeability (clogging) threshold alerts, among others.

A support product configured to receive poured concrete, the support product comprising a latticework of walls and a plurality of edges, wherein the walls extend between a lower surface and an upper surface and define a plurality of cells, wherein at least one edge comprises a catch and a partial keyway, wherein the catch is configured to connect with a catch of an adjacent support product to restrain relative movement of connected support products, and wherein the partial keyway is configured to be located adjacent to a partial keyway of a connected support product, so that adjacent partial keyways define a complete keyway between connected support products.

Described herein are compositions and methods for waste-to-energy ash in engineered aggregate in road construction.

The disclosure discloses a hard pavement construction method for natural groundwater recharge, comprising the following steps: drilling to an underground shallow sand zone water storage layer on a flattened earth floor, filling holes with sand, inserting rod-shaped tools into the holes filled with the sand, pouring concrete to form a concrete foundation layer with a flat surface, removing the rod-shaped tools, filling the holes with the sand to be flush with a plane of the concrete foundation layer, sanding and compacting on the concrete foundation layer, directly arranging pavement bricks on a sand surface in an unbonded manner to form a hard pavement, and enabling rain and snow water on the hard pavement to pass through cracks of the pavement bricks, rapidly and naturally recharge to the underground shallow sand zone water storage layer via the holes and slowly permeate to an underground deep sand zone water storage layer.