Timing of HHO gas injection into a 4-stroke engine is optimized based on engine operating parameters to improve fuel economy.

Injection of HHO gas to plural injection points about an internal combustion engine is controlled based on combustion timing parameters.

HHO gas is distributed proximate combustion chambers of a diesel engine and to a diesel particulate filter regeneration system.

An ultra low quantity of HHO gas is introduced to an internal combustion engine to improve fuel economy and/or reduce engine-out emissions, for example in a vehicle or generator.

The present invention is to provide a device for activating a substance, which is a flexible sheet that is available regardless of the shape of each of the device that has a substance to be activated inside. The member for activating a substance 1 of the present invention is flexible. The member for activating a substance 1 includes a metal layer 11 containing a metal with a redox potential of 0 V or less or an alloy of a metal with a redox potential of 0 V or less and a radiation generating layer 12 containing a mixture of a natural ore containing a radioactive substance with a radiolucent resin. The dose of radiation generated from the radiation generating layer 12 is from 0.02 Sv/h or more to 0.2 Sv/h or less. To enhance the flexibility, a radiation shielding layer that shields radiation generated from the radiation generating layer 12 is preferably unformed.

The present invention is to provide a device for activating a substance, which is a flexible sheet that is available regardless of the shape of each of the device that has a substance to be activated inside. The member for activating a substance 1 of the present invention is flexible. The member for activating a substance 1 includes a metal layer 11 containing a metal with a redox potential of 0 V or less or an alloy of a metal with a redox potential of 0 V or less and a radiation generating layer 12 containing a mixture of a natural ore containing a radioactive substance with a radiolucent resin. The dose of radiation generated from the radiation generating layer 12 is from 0.02 Sv/h or more to 0.2 Sv/h or less. To enhance the flexibility, a radiation shielding layer that shields radiation generated from the radiation generating layer 12 is preferably unformed.

Fuel management system for efficient operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder of the engine. A fuel management microprocessor system controls injection of the anti-knock agent so as to control knock and minimize that amount of the anti-knock agent that is used in a drive cycle. It is preferred that the anti-knock agent is ethanol. The use of ethanol can be further minimized by injection in a non-uniform manner within a cylinder. The ethanol injection suppresses knock so that higher compression ratio and/or engine downsizing from increased turbocharging or supercharging can be used to increase the efficiency or the engine.

Fuel management system for efficient operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder of the engine. A fuel management microprocessor system controls injection of the anti-knock agent so as to control knock and minimize that amount of the anti-knock agent that is used in a drive cycle. It is preferred that the anti-knock agent is ethanol. The use of ethanol can be further minimized by injection in a non-uniform manner within a cylinder. The ethanol injection suppresses knock so that higher compression ratio and/or engine downsizing from increased turbocharging or supercharging can be used to increase the efficiency or the engine.

Fuel management system for enhanced operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder. It is preferred that the direct injection occur after the inlet valve is closed. It is also preferred that stoichiometric operation with a three way catalyst be used to minimize emissions. In addition, it is also preferred that the anti-knock agents have a heat of vaporization per unit of combustion energy that is at least three times that of gasoline.

Fuel management system for enhanced operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder. It is preferred that the direct injection occur after the inlet valve is closed. It is also preferred that stoichiometric operation with a three way catalyst be used to minimize emissions. In addition, it is also preferred that the anti-knock agents have a heat of vaporization per unit of combustion energy that is at least three times that of gasoline.