A fuel atomizer (100) has a conduit (105) for passage of fuel (101) and an object (113) in the conduit (105) which creates continual and repetitive turbulence in the fuel (101). The turbulent fuel exits the conduit (105) via a nozzle (111) into a spray of fine mist (103). The object (113) is a movable magnet (601) which is repelled by another magnet (701) at the outlet (109) of the conduit (105). The flow of fuel (101) carries the movable magnet (601) towards the outlet (109) of the conduit (105) while the other magnet (701) repels the movable magnet (601) backwards. So the movable magnet (601) moves repetitively.

A fuel atomizer (100) has a conduit (105) for passage of fuel (101) and an object (113) in the conduit (105) which creates continual and repetitive turbulence in the fuel (101). The turbulent fuel exits the conduit (105) via a nozzle (111) into a spray of fine mist (103). The object (113) is a movable magnet (601) which is repelled by another magnet (701) at the outlet (109) of the conduit (105). The flow of fuel (101) carries the movable magnet (601) towards the outlet (109) of the conduit (105) while the other magnet (701) repels the movable magnet (601) backwards. So the movable magnet (601) moves repetitively.

Methods and systems are provided for a surface structure for a piston. In one example, the surface structure is located on at least a portion of the piston.

Methods and systems are provided for a surface structure for a piston. In one example, the surface structure is located on at least a portion of the piston.

A device may include a memory storing instructions and a processor configured to execute the instructions to obtain a motor octane number for a sample; perform a combustion test for the sample in a constant volume combustion chamber; and record, at time points during the combustion test, pressure values associated with the sample. The processor may be further configured to calculate values for one or more pressure parameters for the sample based on the pressure values; generate a motor octane number function for the constant volume combustion chamber based on the determined motor octane number and the calculated values for the one or more pressure parameters; and use the generated motor octane number function to determine motor octane numbers for samples using the constant volume combustion chamber.

A device may include a memory storing instructions and a processor configured to execute the instructions to obtain a motor octane number for a sample; perform a combustion test for the sample in a constant volume combustion chamber; and record, at time points during the combustion test, pressure values associated with the sample. The processor may be further configured to calculate values for one or more pressure parameters for the sample based on the pressure values; generate a motor octane number function for the constant volume combustion chamber based on the determined motor octane number and the calculated values for the one or more pressure parameters; and use the generated motor octane number function to determine motor octane numbers for samples using the constant volume combustion chamber.

An apparatus for mixing fuel and air and providing the mixture to an engine can include an entry conduit, a transfer conduit, and a mounting plate for coupling to an engine. The entry conduit can include a straight channel and an opening for receiving air into the channel. The entry conduit can also include a fuel inlet port disposed through a wall of the entry conduit for receiving fuel into the channel. A venturi valve can be disposed within the straight channel and can include an air-fuel mixing chamber, an inner wall, one or more fuel orifices disposed through the inner wall, and a fuel diffusion chamber fluidicly coupled to the fuel inlet port and the air-fuel mixing chamber. The transfer conduit can be coupled or integrally formed with the entry conduit and include an arcuate internal channel.

An apparatus for mixing fuel and air and providing the mixture to an engine can include an entry conduit, a transfer conduit, and a mounting plate for coupling to an engine. The entry conduit can include a straight channel and an opening for receiving air into the channel. The entry conduit can also include a fuel inlet port disposed through a wall of the entry conduit for receiving fuel into the channel. A venturi valve can be disposed within the straight channel and can include an air-fuel mixing chamber, an inner wall, one or more fuel orifices disposed through the inner wall, and a fuel diffusion chamber fluidicly coupled to the fuel inlet port and the air-fuel mixing chamber. The transfer conduit can be coupled or integrally formed with the entry conduit and include an arcuate internal channel.

In an intake manifold that has charge-motion-control valves (CMCVs), a gap exists between the flapper valves and the wall of the intake runners. Although the gap is maintained as small as practical, it cannot be eliminated because manufacturing tolerances and temperature variations to which the intake manifold is subjected must be accommodated to prevent binding of the flapper valves. Some flow makes an end run through the gap leading to undesirable fluid mechanics. Disclosed herein is a seal that is positioned to rest gently upon the flapper valve near the gap such that the gap is substantially sealed off while applying a modest force on the CMCV so that the actuation torque is minimally impacted. The seal has a press-in-place portion inserted into a pocket formed in the manifold to hold it in place and a lip portion that extends out from the press-in-place portion to obstruct the gap.

An air cleaner hose is provided. The air cleaner hose includes a bellows part and a low-rigidity part. The low-rigidity part is in a region between the bellows part and one end of the air cleaner hose. The low-rigidity part is included in a part of the air cleaner hose in a circumferential direction, wherein the low-rigidity part is configured to have a buckling deformation such that a buckling load of the low-rigidity part with respect to a compressive load in an axial direction of the air cleaner hose is smaller than a buckling load of a region other than the low-rigidity part with respect to the compressive load.