In an aspect, a system includes a mixer configured to mix a fuel stream with a solvent to form a mixed stream, the solvent having a higher affinity for a second component of the fuel stream than for a first component of the fuel stream. The system includes a first separator configured to separate the mixed stream into (i) a first fuel fraction including the first component of the fuel stream and (ii) a mixed fraction including the second component of the fuel stream based on a difference in volatility of the first fuel fraction and the mixed fraction. The system includes a second separator configured to separate the mixed fraction into a second fuel fraction including the second component of the fuel stream and a solvent fraction.

A method for operating an oxycombustion engine system includes passing a nitrogen-depleted gas, a fuel, and a recycled exhaust gas into a combustion chamber, combusting a mixture of the nitrogen-depleted gas, the fuel, and the recycled exhaust gas, thereby producing an exhaust gas including carbon dioxide, detecting a pressure of the recycled exhaust gas passed to the combustion chamber, determining whether the detected pressure of the recycled exhaust gas is less than a configurable pressure threshold, and in response to determining that the detected pressure of the recycled exhaust gas is less than the configurable pressure threshold, increasing the pressure of the recycled exhaust gas passed to the combustion chamber.

Fuel reform apparatus includes: internal combustion engine including injector and configured so that compression-ignition combustion is carried out in combustion chamber; reform unit interposed in fuel supply path from fuel tank to injector and including reformer reforming fuel stored in fuel tank by oxidation reaction; ignition timing detector detecting ignition timing of fuel in combustion chamber; and controller including CPU and memory. Controller performs: determining whether fuel has been supplied into fuel tank; determining whether reforming is needed based on ignition timing when it is determined that fuel has been supplied; controlling operation of reform unit so as to reform fuel stored in fuel tank to supply to injector when it is determined that reforming is needed; and controlling operation of reform unit so as to supply fuel stored in fuel tank to injector without reforming when it is determined that reforming is not needed.

Fuel reform apparatus includes: internal combustion engine including injector and configured so that compression-ignition combustion is carried out in combustion chamber; reform unit interposed in fuel supply path from fuel tank to injector and including reformer reforming fuel stored in fuel tank by oxidation reaction; ignition timing detector detecting ignition timing of fuel in combustion chamber; and controller including CPU and memory. Controller performs: determining whether fuel has been supplied into fuel tank; determining whether reforming is needed based on ignition timing when it is determined that fuel has been supplied; controlling operation of reform unit so as to reform fuel stored in fuel tank to supply to injector when it is determined that reforming is needed; and controlling operation of reform unit so as to supply fuel stored in fuel tank to injector without reforming when it is determined that reforming is not needed.

A reformer assembly includes a vortex tube receiving heated fuel mixed with steam. A catalyst coats the inner wall of the main tube of the vortex tube and a hydrogen-permeable tube is positioned in the middle of the main tube coaxially with the main tube. With this structure the vortex tube outputs primarily Hydrogen from one end and Carbon-based constituents from the other end. In some embodiments a second vortex tube receives the Carbon output of the first vortex tube to establish a water gas shift reactor, producing Hydrogen from the Carbon output of the first vortex tube.

A reformer assembly includes a vortex tube receiving heated fuel mixed with steam. A catalyst coats the inner wall of the main tube of the vortex tube and a hydrogen-permeable tube is positioned in the middle of the main tube coaxially with the main tube. With this structure the vortex tube outputs primarily Hydrogen from one end and Carbon-based constituents from the other end. In some embodiments a second vortex tube receives the Carbon output of the first vortex tube to establish a water gas shift reactor, producing Hydrogen from the Carbon output of the first vortex tube.

An exchangeable filter system is provided with an exchangeable filter module that has at least one fluid inlet, at least one fluid outlet, and a fluid path connecting the at least one fluid inlet and the at least one fluid outlet with each other. The exchangeable filter module is provided with at least one filter element for filtering a fluid. A flange element and a counter flange element are provided. The flange element is provided to releasably engage the exchangeable filter module and to releasably engage the counter flange element. A valve device is arranged in the flange element. The valve device blocks the fluid path when the flange element is in engagement with the exchangeable filter module and is disengaged from the counter flange element. An internal combustion engine is provided with such an exchangeable filter system to filter fuel, lubricant or urea.

An exchangeable filter system is provided with an exchangeable filter module that has at least one fluid inlet, at least one fluid outlet, and a fluid path connecting the at least one fluid inlet and the at least one fluid outlet with each other. The exchangeable filter module is provided with at least one filter element for filtering a fluid. A flange element and a counter flange element are provided. The flange element is provided to releasably engage the exchangeable filter module and to releasably engage the counter flange element. A valve device is arranged in the flange element. The valve device blocks the fluid path when the flange element is in engagement with the exchangeable filter module and is disengaged from the counter flange element. An internal combustion engine is provided with such an exchangeable filter system to filter fuel, lubricant or urea.

An air reactivator includes a plurality of first ribs, a plurality of second ribs, a plurality of diffusion members, and a plurality of air passages. Each of the first ribs has a first top face and a first bottom face and two first inclined faces. Each of the second ribs has a second top face and a second bottom face and two second inclined faces. The diffusion members are defined at connections of the first ribs and the second ribs. Each of the diffusion members has a projection and a third bottom face and a recessed portion. Each of the air passages is defined between the first inclined face, the second inclined face, and the recessed portion. The first ribs, the second ribs, and the diffusion members are made of a mixture of far infrared emitting material and polymer material.

An air reactivator includes a plurality of first ribs, a plurality of second ribs, a plurality of diffusion members, and a plurality of air passages. Each of the first ribs has a first top face and a first bottom face and two first inclined faces. Each of the second ribs has a second top face and a second bottom face and two second inclined faces. The diffusion members are defined at connections of the first ribs and the second ribs. Each of the diffusion members has a projection and a third bottom face and a recessed portion. Each of the air passages is defined between the first inclined face, the second inclined face, and the recessed portion. The first ribs, the second ribs, and the diffusion members are made of a mixture of far infrared emitting material and polymer material.