A charging roll includes a core member, a rubber base material disposed around the core member, and a surface layer disposed around the rubber base material. The average of heights of contours of convex portions on a surface of the surface layer relative to an average cylindrical surface obtained by averaging surface irregularities of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 0.8 micrometers and is equal to or less than 2.1 micrometers. The average of intervals between apexes of the convex portions on the surface of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 6.6 micrometers and is equal to or less than 11.5 micrometers.

An electrophotographic member includes an electro-conductive substrate, and an elastic layer as a surface layer, the elastic layer constituted by a single-layer, wherein the elastic layer includes a first resin, a second resin and an anion, the first resin is a crosslinked urethane resin, and the crosslinked urethane resin is a resin having a specific cationic structure in the molecule, the second resin is at least one of a crosslinked acrylic resin having an ether bond and a crosslinked epoxy resin having an ether bond, and in a first area of the elastic layer, the first are being from an outer surface of the elastic layer to a depth of 0.1 μm, the first resin and the second resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure.

An electro-conductive layer of an electrophotographic electro-conductive member has a matrix-domain structure. The matrix contains a first rubber. The domain contains a second rubber and electro-conductive particles. Where μ represents an average of ratios of the cross-sectional area of the electro-conductive particles contained in each of the domains to the cross-sectional area of each of the domains appearing on a cross-section of the electro-conductive layer in a thickness direction, and σ represents a standard deviation of the ratios, σ/μ is 0 or more and 0.4 or less, and μ is 20% or more and 40% or less. At least eight of samples with a first cubic shape 9 μm on a side, which are sampled at arbitrary nine positions on the electro-conductive layer, satisfy the specified condition.

A cam follower for a ram of a metal can necker machine is provided. The cam follower has an outer ring and an inner ring coaxially disposed in the outer ring. A plurality of rolling elements is disposed in an annular cavity between the outer ring and the inner ring. The plurality of rolling elements is disposed between a first seal and a second seal. A shaft is received in a bore in the inner ring and is fixed relative thereto about the shaft axis. The outer ring is received in a tire. The tire has a thickness and a crown radius. The composition of the tire includes a metallic material, a plastic material, a non-metallic material, and combinations thereof.

A roller assembly includes a roller having an axial hole and an axle portion disposed in the axial hole to allow the roller to rotate about the axle portion; a sleeve with a first end disposed at a first end of the axle portion and a second end having a fitting portion, the fitting portion being fitted to a carried object, the sleeve has a first blocking portion positioned proximate to a first side of the roller to allow the roller to rotate between the first blocking portion and the fitting portion, wherein one of the axle portion, the axial hole and the first blocking portion has a substance conducive to reduction of friction between the roller and the sleeve.

An idler roller having a fixed shaft with at least one spherical bearing and a second bearing which may, but need not be, a spherical bearing. In some embodiments, the second bearing is slidably-mounted on a central shaft. A shell is mounted between these bearings. Any changes in dimensions resulting from changes in temperature may them be accommodated by sliding movement of the second bearing, sparing the shell from distortion by bending or buckling. In other exemplary embodiments, the spherical bearing includes a first housing element fixedly-mounted on a central shaft and a complementary first free element disposed against the first housing element. A second bearing element is mounted on the central shaft, and a shell is attached to the first free element and rotatably-mounted to a second bearing element with a biasing element mounted on the central shaft urging a second free element away from the first free element.

An electroconductive roll includes a core member, a rubber base material disposed around the core member, and a surface layer disposed around the rubber base material. The surface area of the surface layer per unit projected area is equal to or greater than 1.255, and is equal to or less than 6.635.

A roller is provided that is configured to support of a rotary platform. The roller includes at least one side flange including an inner surface, a rolling surface to be in contact with a flat running surface of an upper rail member fixedly connected to the rotary platform and a flat running surface of a lower rail member stationary arranged. The roller includes a circumferential recess connecting the rolling surface to the inner surface of the side flange and that the circumferential recess has a depth such that the flat running surfaces of the upper rail member and the lower rail members are out of contact with a bottom surface of the circumferential recess at a potential angle deviation between the flat running surfaces of the rail members and a rotation axis of the roller.

An electroconductive roll includes a core member, a rubber base material disposed around the core member, and a surface layer disposed around the rubber base material. The density of peaks S.sub.pd of the surface of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 93,406 (1/mm.sup.2), and is equal to or less than 153,027 (1/mm.sup.2).

An electroconductive roll includes a core member, a rubber base material disposed around the core member, and a surface layer disposed around the rubber base material. The density of peaks S.sub.pd of the surface of the surface layer is equal to or greater than 93,406 (1/mm.sup.2), and is equal to or less than 153,027 (1/mm.sup.2).