A dual motor powered compact drive comprises two electrical motors powering the planetary gear mechanism. The dual drive can provide variable speed and torque. A single electric motor operated braking system with a screw-driven wedged brake pads is described using a compact test set-up. The system comprises at least one motor and a screw shaft connected to transmit the power to a sliding plunger, and braking pads located on a braking disc, and a force sensor applied to measure the braking force, and a device to measure the parameters of the braking motor and the parameters are used as the inputs to establish a control strategy. Systems and methods for monitoring a battery pack including multiple cells are provided. The battery management system further comprises a control strategy for implementing a balancing algorithm. A balancing strategy comprises a determination of battery cells to be balanced, and a calculated balancing current.

A caliper body having first and second braking surfaces, a bracket connecting to a caliper support provided in a vehicle and a floating element supported by the bracket to move along the axial direction. The floating element has a first floating element portion facing the first braking surface. The first floating element portion has a biasing device housing to accommodate a biasing device. The floating element has a first floating element bridge protruding straddling the brake disc and a plate-shaped portion extending on a plane along circumferential and radial directions. The plate-shaped portion has end portions protruding from opposite sides with respect to the first floating element bridge, a second inner plate-shape portion side facing the biasing device, two plate-shaped portion projections protruding from the plate-shaped portion side and having thrust surfaces biasing a second pad against the second braking surface and forming with the plate-shaped portion a ventilation channel.

A floating disc brake has a supporting bracket, a caliper body connected to the supporting bracket, a first friction pad on a first side of the caliper body, a second friction pad on a second side of the caliper body, fixed to the caliper body, a first piston connected to the first friction pad and a second piston that can freely rest on the first friction pad forming a positioning surface which can abut against a resting surface of the supporting bracket. The first and second pistons can be actuated independently so that a rearward movement of the first piston towards the first side detaches the first friction pad from the brake disc, and a rearward movement of the second piston towards the first side, with the positioning surface abutting against the resting surface moves the caliper body together with the second friction pad towards the second side and detaches the second friction pad from the brake disc.

Provided is a disc brake which solves, with a simple structure, the issue of interference between a carrier and an electric motor. A carder 3 applied to the disc brake includes a recess 28 in one arm 18 of the pair of arms 18 and 19 which recess is casted so as to be recessed in a direction toward a line, which is parallel to a tangent line L3 tangent to an the pin hole boss 16 on one side and perpendicular to a line segment L1 connecting centers of the pair of pin holes (pin hole bosses 16, 16) and extends through the center of the pin hole on the one side, with respect to the tangent line L3. This makes it possible to prevent or reduce the interference between the carrier 3 and the electric motor, with a simple structure.

An engraved code includes a plurality of dot dented portions defined on an article. The engraved code includes an opening peripheral edge portion of each of the dot dented portions which has a polygonal or quadrilateral shape. This configuration leads to detection of each dot dented portion as a polygonal or quadrilateral dot.

An electric vehicle includes a modular support structure having a central frame module and front and rear frame modules in the form of a lattice framework, having two upper longitudinal beams and two lower longitudinal beams connected to each other by uprights and cross-members. The front frame module carries a front suspension with wheel supports carried by upper and lower oscillating arms, and a front electric motor unit including two electric motors, having respective motor axes coincident with each other and arranged along a transverse direction with respect to a vehicle longitudinal direction. The motors are positioned spaced apart from each other, and are symmetrical with respect to a vehicle median line. Two gear reducing units are arranged centrally between the two electric motors, with housings having lateral walls from which output shafts project, which are connected by drive shafts to wheel hubs rotatably mounted on the wheel supports.

The electric brake device includes an electric motor, a friction member operator, a friction member, a brake rotor, and a control device. A braking force estimator provided in the control device includes: a direct estimator configured to convert output of a braking force sensor which detects a load or displacement corresponding amount, to a braking force; and an indirect estimator configured to estimate the braking force on the basis of information other than output of the braking force sensor. A range in which the braking force is estimated by the direct estimator is a specified low-braking-force range, and in a range beyond this range, estimation of the braking force is performed by the indirect estimator.

A pad-holding spring and pad return spring assembly for a brake caliper may have a caliper body adapted to be arranged straddling a brake disc and a one pad-holding spring configured to be arranged between at least one guiding ear of a brake pad housed in the caliper body and the caliper body to bias the brake pad, and a pad return spring configured to bias the brake pad away from a brake disc. The pad-holding spring may have one C-shaped section. The pad return spring may have an anchoring portion operatively connected to the C-shaped section, a coupling portion configured to couple the brake pad, and a linking arm. The coupling portion is elastically movable with respect to the anchoring portion between a retracted resting position and at least one advanced position, towards the disc, and vice versa.

A pad-holding spring and pad return spring assembly for a brake caliper may have at least one pad-holding spring arranged between at least one guiding ear of a brake pad and a caliper body to bias the brake pad, and a pad return spring. The pad-holding spring has a main extension and at least one C-shaped section. The pad return spring may have an anchoring portion connected to the C-shaped section, a coupling portion to couple the brake pad, and a linking arm connected to the anchoring portion and the coupling portion. The coupling portion is movable with respect to the anchoring portion between a retracted resting position and at least one advanced position, towards the disc, and vice versa. The pad return spring may have at least one winding portion connecting the linking arm to the anchoring portion.

A brake system comprising: (a) a rotor; and (b) two or more brake assemblies in communication with the rotor, the two or more brake assemblies each including: (i) a caliper; (ii) a piston assembly located within the caliper; and (iii) a motor gear unit in communication with the caliper and configured to move the piston assembly to create a braking force; wherein one or more both of the piston assemblies are moved during a service brake apply or release; and wherein one or both of the piston assemblies are moved during a parking brake apply or release.