A metal substrate provided with surface textures wherein different texture patterns are provided over predefined surface areas of the metal substrate and wherein the different texture patterns are tailored to predefined surface properties of a product which is to be made out of the metal substrate as well as to a method for applying such surface textures on the metal substrate.

A metal sheet having a low friction coefficient and a low waviness. Multiple round or roughly-round small pits are distributed on the surface of the metal sheet. The diameter of a single pit ranges from 30 m to 150 m, and the overlap between adjacent pits is lower than 10%. On the surface of the metal sheet where the pits are located, the proportion of the area of pits per square millimeter of surface area is greater than 30%, and the difference between the quantities of pits in any unit square millimeter is less than 20%. By means of the proper design of surface microstructure, the friction coefficient and the waviness can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the forming and painting performance of the material.

A metal sheet having a low friction coefficient and a low waviness. Multiple round or roughly-round small pits are distributed on the surface of the metal sheet. The diameter of a single pit ranges from 30 m to 150 m, and the overlap between adjacent pits is lower than 10%. On the surface of the metal sheet where the pits are located, the proportion of the area of pits per square millimeter of surface area is greater than 30%, and the difference between the quantities of pits in any unit square millimeter is less than 20%. By means of the proper design of surface microstructure, the friction coefficient and the waviness can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the forming and painting performance of the material.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a shim plate which is inserted between components that are assembled to and disassembled from one another via at least one shaft may be provided. The shim plate includes a plurality of plate pieces that are separable from one another, wherein the plurality of plate pieces are configured such that one plate piece is connected to the other plate piece in a circumferential direction, and an internal ring-shaped empty space is formed.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a shim plate which is inserted between components that are assembled to and disassembled from one another via at least one shaft may be provided. The shim plate includes a plurality of plate pieces that are separable from one another, wherein the plurality of plate pieces are configured such that one plate piece is connected to the other plate piece in a circumferential direction, and an internal ring-shaped empty space is formed.

In at least some aspects, an auxetic structure includes a first sheet defining therein a plurality of a plurality of structural elements projecting from the first sheet, the plurality of structural elements being arranged to provide a negative Poisson's ratio, and a second sheet disposed adjacent the first sheet to define a first internal cavity between the first sheet and the second sheet. In yet other aspects, one or more additional sheets may be advantageously provided to provide a multi-layered structure having auxetic properties.

In at least some aspects, an auxetic structure includes a first sheet defining therein a plurality of a plurality of structural elements projecting from the first sheet, the plurality of structural elements being arranged to provide a negative Poisson's ratio, and a second sheet disposed adjacent the first sheet to define a first internal cavity between the first sheet and the second sheet. In yet other aspects, one or more additional sheets may be advantageously provided to provide a multi-layered structure having auxetic properties.

A structural panel is provided that includes a first core structure and a second core structure. The first core structure is configured with a first endwall and a plurality of first cavities that extend vertically through the first core structure. The second core structure is configured with a second endwall and a plurality of second cavities that extend vertically through the second core structure. The second core structure is laterally bonded to the first core structure at a complex splice joint between the first endwall and the second endwall.

Two-dimensional module panels with custom metal frame members having cutouts to accommodate building services. These module panels are open for visual inspection and can be used in various construction applications such as floors and walls. The cutouts in the metal frame members allow for the routing of building services such as plumbing, wiring, fire sprinkler, HVAC, whether rigid or flexible. The modular construction process involves the placement of module panels at a build site and the joining of building services between adjacent panels. Additionally, the system may incorporate a building information modeling (BIM) system that generates electronic models of buildings with two-dimensional modules and corresponding framing components.

In at least some aspects, an auxetic structure includes a first sheet defining therein a plurality of a plurality of structural elements projecting from the first sheet, the plurality of structural elements being arranged to provide a negative Poisson's ratio, and a second sheet disposed adjacent the first sheet to define a first internal cavity between the first sheet and the second sheet. In yet other aspects, one or more additional sheets may be advantageously provided to provide a multi-layered structure having auxetic properties.