A CO.sub.2 power generation system includes a furnace to burn fuel, a turbine operated by a working fluid supplied thereto, the working fluid being heated by heat generated in the furnace, a recuperator exchanging heat with the working fluid passing through the turbine, a cooler to cool the working fluid passing through the recuperator, and a compressor to compress the working fluid passing through the cooler, wherein the working fluid passing through the compressor is circulated to the furnace, and the working fluid is supercritical CO.sub.2.

A fluid permeable heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system includes a cap and a substantially flat electrically conductive and fluid permeable heating element. The cap includes a hollow body with a first cap opening and a second cap opening. The first cap opening is opposite to the second cap opening. The heating element is configured to vaporise aerosol-forming substrate. The heating element is mounted on the cap, such that the heating element extends across the first cap opening. A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system includes the heater assembly, a liquid storage portion, a mouth piece, and a retainer.

A fluid permeable heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system includes a cap and a substantially flat electrically conductive and fluid permeable heating element. The cap includes a hollow body with a first cap opening and a second cap opening. The first cap opening is opposite to the second cap opening. The heating element is configured to vaporise aerosol-forming substrate. The heating element is mounted on the cap, such that the heating element extends across the first cap opening. A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system includes the heater assembly, a liquid storage portion, a mouth piece, and a retainer.

An apparatus and method for generating a vapor with a compact vaporizer design and exposing the gas and liquid mixture for vaporization to a reduced maximum temperature. A gas and liquid droplet flow through a metal housing configured to heat the gas and liquid droplet mixture flow for vaporization includes directing the gas and liquid droplet mixture through an inlet of the metal housing and flowing the gas through a tortious flow path defined by a plurality of tubular flow passageways arranged around a central axis for vaporization. The flow path is directed through a heat exchanger including one more changes in direction of flow path before flowing into the further tortious flow path described above. Residual liquid droplets may be further vaporized by flowing through a second metal housing configured to heat the gas and liquid droplet mixture for vaporization and having a similar construction to the first metal housing and providing a second tortious flow path.

An apparatus and method for generating a vapor with a compact vaporizer design and exposing the gas and liquid mixture for vaporization to a reduced maximum temperature. A gas and liquid droplet flow through a metal housing configured to heat the gas and liquid droplet mixture flow for vaporization includes directing the gas and liquid droplet mixture through an inlet of the metal housing and flowing the gas through a tortious flow path defined by a plurality of tubular flow passageways arranged around a central axis for vaporization. The flow path is directed through a heat exchanger including one more changes in direction of flow path before flowing into the further tortious flow path described above. Residual liquid droplets may be further vaporized by flowing through a second metal housing configured to heat the gas and liquid droplet mixture for vaporization and having a similar construction to the first metal housing and providing a second tortious flow path.

A tubular base plate assembly has a lower surface connected to a heating system component and an upper surface. A tubular seal plate assembly is positioned above the base plate assembly upper surface having a mating surface facing the base plate assembly upper surface with a plurality of grooves therein. Sealing material is provided within the grooves. A tubular hub assembly is positioned above the seal plate assembly. A plurality of fasteners connects the seal plate assembly to the hub. A plurality of external brackets connects the seal plate assembly to the base plate assembly to secure the seal plate assembly. The sealing material forms a first gasket between the seal plate assembly and the base plate assembly.

A tubular base plate assembly has a lower surface connected to a heating system component and an upper surface. A tubular seal plate assembly is positioned above the base plate assembly upper surface having a mating surface facing the base plate assembly upper surface with a plurality of grooves therein. Sealing material is provided within the grooves. A tubular hub assembly is positioned above the seal plate assembly. A plurality of fasteners connects the seal plate assembly to the hub. A plurality of external brackets connects the seal plate assembly to the base plate assembly to secure the seal plate assembly. The sealing material forms a first gasket between the seal plate assembly and the base plate assembly.

A flow rate adjusting valve includes: a casing including an inlet, an outlet, and a channel connecting the inlet and the outlet to each other; a valve port disposed in the channel; and a valve body that is disposed upstream of the valve port and moves forward and backward relative to the valve port to adjust an opening degree of an upstream opening of the valve port. The valve port includes a narrowing portion whose opening diameter is smaller than that of the upstream opening, and an enlarging portion continuous to a downstream side of the narrowing portion and having an opening diameter of the narrowing portion. When the upstream opening is at a predetermined opening degree, an area of the valve port through which a fluid passes is at minimum at the narrowing portion.

In an externally integrated steam generator type small modular reactor, a steam generator is arranged along the circumference of a reactor vessel cylindrical shell, and a steam drum is arranged along the circumference of the steam generator. The small modular reactor includes: a nuclear reactor including a hemispherical upper head, the reactor vessel cylindrical shell coupled to the upper head and extending downward from the upper head in a cylindrical shape, and a hemispherical lower head provided on a lower portion of the reactor vessel cylindrical shell, wherein a core is placed in the nuclear reactor; the steam generator surrounding all around the reactor vessel cylindrical shell and including a first penetration hole communicating with an inside of the nuclear reactor; and the steam drum surrounding the circumference of the steam generator and including a second penetration hole communicating with an inside of the steam generator.

In an externally integrated steam generator type small modular reactor, a steam generator is arranged along the circumference of a reactor vessel cylindrical shell, and a steam drum is arranged along the circumference of the steam generator. The small modular reactor includes: a nuclear reactor including a hemispherical upper head, the reactor vessel cylindrical shell coupled to the upper head and extending downward from the upper head in a cylindrical shape, and a hemispherical lower head provided on a lower portion of the reactor vessel cylindrical shell, wherein a core is placed in the nuclear reactor; the steam generator surrounding all around the reactor vessel cylindrical shell and including a first penetration hole communicating with an inside of the nuclear reactor; and the steam drum surrounding the circumference of the steam generator and including a second penetration hole communicating with an inside of the steam generator.