A system for processing saltwater or brackish water while recovering energy otherwise wasted in electricity generation by a natural gas generator or turbine. Heat in the generator exhaust is used to directly heat and process the water in the saltwater or brackish water into high quality steam, separating the majority of salt and contaminants from the water, and leaving potable water that can be permitted and released to the environment or sold for agricultural or industrial use such as oilfield activities. The system also captures and liquefies CO.sub.2 in the generator exhaust.

A steam trap monitoring system includes: a steam trap; an opening/closing valve for opening/closing a channel to the steam trap, the opening/closing valve being located on upstream side of the steam trap; a sensor for detecting one or more physical quantities; and an analysis unit for analyzing detection information from the sensor. In this steam trap monitoring system, the analysis unit is configured to analyze both a functional state of the steam trap and a functional state of the opening/closing valve, based on detection information from the single sensor.

A fluid permeable heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system includes a cap and a substantially flat electrically conductive and fluid permeable heating element. The cap includes a hollow body with a first cap opening and a second cap opening. The first cap opening is opposite to the second cap opening. The heating element is configured to vaporise aerosol-forming substrate. The heating element is mounted on the cap, such that the heating element extends across the first cap opening. A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system includes the heater assembly, a liquid storage portion, a mouth piece, and a retainer.

A fluid permeable heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system includes a cap and a substantially flat electrically conductive and fluid permeable heating element. The cap includes a hollow body with a first cap opening and a second cap opening. The first cap opening is opposite to the second cap opening. The heating element is configured to vaporise aerosol-forming substrate. The heating element is mounted on the cap, such that the heating element extends across the first cap opening. A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system includes the heater assembly, a liquid storage portion, a mouth piece, and a retainer.

A system for processing saltwater or brackish water while recovering energy otherwise wasted in electricity generation by a natural gas generator or turbine. Heat in the generator exhaust is used to directly heat and process the water in the saltwater or brackish water into high quality steam, separating the majority of salt and contaminants from the water, and leaving potable water that can be permitted and released to the environment or sold for agricultural or industrial use such as oilfield activities. The system also captures and liquefies CO.sub.2 in the generator exhaust.

An apparatus and method for recovery of waste heat in a boiler system, wherein heat from the low pressure steam in the feed water tank, which otherwise would be lost through dissipation, is used for other applications. Particularly, the waste heat energy recovered in the form of low pressure steam can be used to heat make-up water for the boiler system.

An arrangement (400) for removing condensate from a heat exchanger (208) is provided. The arrangement (400) facilitates removal of a condensate from the heat exchanger (208) even when the pressure inside the heat exchanger drops below pressure of a condensate discharge pipe (220). The arrangement (400) operates in a first configuration when the pressure in the heat exchanger (208) is higher than the pressure in the condensate discharge pipe (220), and in a second configuration when the pressure in the heat exchanger (208) is lower than the pressure in the condensate discharge pipe (220).

Methods and apparatus for vaporizing liquid from a liquid source into the surrounding environment, are disclosed, where the apparatus comprises at least one manifold comprising at least one liquid port formed by a through-hole and at least one ridge structure, wherein the liquid port is in fluid communication with the liquid source and the one ridge structure At least one vaporization port is included in a planar structure connecting a first side of the structure to a second side, in fluid communication with the at least one ridge structure and the surrounding environment, wherein fluid flow through the liquid and vaporization ports is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the structure, and the ridge structures are substantially parallel to the plane of the structure. At least one heating element is present that is in thermal communication to the at least one vaporization port and at least one ridge structure.

Methods and apparatus for vaporizing liquid from a liquid source into the surrounding environment, are disclosed, where the apparatus comprises at least one manifold comprising at least one liquid port formed by a through-hole and at least one ridge structure, wherein the liquid port is in fluid communication with the liquid source and the one ridge structure At least one vaporization port is included in a planar structure connecting a first side of the structure to a second side, in fluid communication with the at least one ridge structure and the surrounding environment, wherein fluid flow through the liquid and vaporization ports is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the structure, and the ridge structures are substantially parallel to the plane of the structure. At least one heating element is present that is in thermal communication to the at least one vaporization port and at least one ridge structure.

A fluid permeable heater assembly for an aerosol-generating system includes a cap and a substantially flat electrically conductive and fluid permeable heating element. The cap includes a hollow body with a first cap opening and a second cap opening. The first cap opening is opposite to the second cap opening. The heating element is configured to vaporise aerosol-forming substrate. The heating element is mounted on the cap, such that the heating element extends across the first cap opening. A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system includes the heater assembly, a liquid storage portion, a mouth piece, and a retainer.