A method for disposing a bed comprising particles in a burner through which a gas can flow, more particularly in a burner basket of an ammonia oxidation burner, where the particles are disposed such that the bed has a greater flow resistance in an edge region of the burner than in an inner region of the burner. Further, a burner basket for a burner may have a bed comprising particles, wherein the particles are disposed such that the bed has a greater flow resistance in an edge region of the burner basket than in an inner region of the burner basket.

A burner supporting primary and secondary combustion reactions may include a primary combustion reaction actuator configured to select a location of the secondary combustion reaction. A burner may include a lifted flame holder structure configured to support a secondary combustion reaction above a partial premixing region. The secondary flame support location may be selected as a function of a turndown parameter. Selection logic may be of arbitrary complexity.

The disclosure provides a tri-metallic ferrite oxygen carrier for the chemical looping combustion of carbonaceous fuels. The tri-metallic ferrite oxygen carrier comprises Cu.sub.xFe.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.4-δ, where Cu.sub.xFe.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.4-δ is a chemical composition. Generally, 0.5≦x≦2.0, 0.2≦y≦2.5, and 0.2≦z≦2.5, and in some embodiments, 0.8≦x≦1.2, y≦1.2, and z≧0.8. The tri-metallic ferrite oxygen carrier may be used in various applications for the combustion of carbonaceous fuels, including as an oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion.

The present document describes a multistages combustion furnace system for thermal expansion of mineral particles which comprises: a furnace having an expansion chamber for receiving the mineral particles; a burner head to be connected at a distance for an atmospheric coupling of the furnace and for operating the multistages combustion furnace system; a furnace device to be connected at a distance for an atmospheric coupling of the burner head to offset the quenching effect of ambient air normally drawn in the furnace; and a tuyere for thermal expansion of mineral particles to be connected between the expansion chamber and the furnace device; wherein the multistage combustion furnace system is to be connected with an inlet of preheated air.

The present disclosure relates to a method of generating energy. The teachings thereof may be embodied in a method comprising: atomizing an electropositive metal; combusting the metal with a reaction gas; mixing the resulting combustion products with water, or an aqueous solution, or a suspension of a salt of the metal; separating a resulting mixture into (a) solid and liquid constituents and (b) gaseous constituents; at least partly converting energy from the separated constituents. Mixing the combustion products may include: atomizing liquid or gaseous water; or atomizing or nebulizing an aqueous solution or a suspension of a salt of the electropositive metal, into the reacted mixture.

A combustion-support-gas bypass line is provided to cause combustion support gas to bypass a preheater. A combustion-support-gas flow control damper is provided in the combustion-support-gas bypass line. An inlet temperature of a deduster is measured by a temperature sensor and the inlet temperature measured by the temperature sensor is inputted to a controller and is compared with a set temperature more than an acid dew-point preliminarily set in the controller. On the basis of a comparison result, an opening-degree control signal is outputted from the controller to the combustion-support-gas flow control damper so as to make the inlet temperature to a set temperature more than an acid dew-point.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, an oxygen carrying material may include a primary active mass, a primary support material, and a secondary support material. The oxygen carrying material may include about 20% to about 70% by weight of the primary active mass, the primary active mass including a composition having a metal or metal oxide selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Mn, Sn, Ru, Rh, and combinations thereof. The oxygen carrying material may include about 5% to about 70% by weight of a primary support material. The oxygen carrying material may include about 1% to about 35% by mass of a secondary support material.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, an oxygen carrying material may include a primary active mass, a primary support material, and a secondary support material. The oxygen carrying material may include about 20% to about 70% by weight of the primary active mass, the primary active mass including a composition having a metal or metal oxide selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Mn, Sn, Ru, Rh, and combinations thereof. The oxygen carrying material may include about 5% to about 70% by weight of a primary support material. The oxygen carrying material may include about 1% to about 35% by mass of a secondary support material.

Oxygen carriers for chemical looping and scalable methods of preparation thereof. Wet impregnation of active metal precursors into porous substrates, together with selective adsorption of the precursors on the pore surfaces, enables transition metal oxides derived from the precursors to disperse throughout the substrate, even at the nanoscale, without increased sintering or agglomeration. The porous substrate can be an oxide, for example SiO.sub.2. The oxygen carriers can comprise relatively large oxide loadings of over about 20 wt % and exhibit high reactivity over many regeneration cycles with substantially no loss in oxygen transport capacity or decrease in kinetics. The use of multiple transition metals, for example NiO in addition to CuO, can greatly enhance chemical looping performance.

Oxygen carriers for chemical looping and scalable methods of preparation thereof. Wet impregnation of active metal precursors into porous substrates, together with selective adsorption of the precursors on the pore surfaces, enables transition metal oxides derived from the precursors to disperse throughout the substrate, even at the nanoscale, without increased sintering or agglomeration. The porous substrate can be an oxide, for example SiO.sub.2. The oxygen carriers can comprise relatively large oxide loadings of over about 20 wt % and exhibit high reactivity over many regeneration cycles with substantially no loss in oxygen transport capacity or decrease in kinetics. The use of multiple transition metals, for example NiO in addition to CuO, can greatly enhance chemical looping performance.