A sensitivity parameter storing portion stores, as known sensitivity parameters owned by a flame sensor, reference received light quantity, reference pulse width, probability of regular discharge, and probabilities of non-regular discharge in advance. The discharge probability is calculated based on the number of drive pulses applied to the flame sensor and the number of discharges determined to have occurred in the flame sensor having received the drive pulses. The calculated discharge probability and the known sensitivity parameters are used to calculate the received light quantity per unit time received by the flame sensor.

A fuel nozzle for a gas turbine engine includes a feed arm including a fuel passage for issuing a spray of fuel. A nozzle assembly is fixed at an upstream end of the feed arm having a fuel inlet in fluid communication with the fuel passage. A fiber optic cable is configured to collect burner radiation for a pyrometer input and has a first end centered within an optical connector of the nozzle assembly and a second end exposed from the spray outlet. The fiber optic cable fitted within the feed arm and nozzle assembly has a permanent bend radius preformed in the fiber optic cable. The bend radius can be equal to or greater than the minimum bend radii for the fiber optic cable to serve as a wave guide in wavelengths for monitoring combustion.

A burner supporting primary and secondary combustion reactions may include a primary combustion reaction actuator configured to select a location of the secondary combustion reaction. A burner may include a perforated flame holder structure configured to support a secondary combustion reaction above a partial premixing region. The secondary flame support location may be selected as a function of a turndown parameter. Selection logic may be of arbitrary complexity.

A flame sense assembly (100) includes a flame sense electrode having a sense rod (108), at least a portion of the sense rod (108) for placement in a flame area; and an electrically conductive ground screen (110) for electrical connection to ground, at least a portion of the ground screen (110) for placement in the flame area; wherein the ground screen (110) is positioned relative to the sense rod (108) to allow an electric current to pass between the sense rod (108) to the ground screen (110) in the presence of a flame.

System and method for measuring flame temperature profile are disclosed. The temperature measurement system disclosed measures temperature profile of coal burner flames in a multi-burner furnace environment by capturing temperature images using optical devices. Any point or area of temperature captured in the image is determined by the ratio of the magnitude of the near infrared (NIR) light and the visible red light of that particular point or area, from which the temperature distribution of burner flame is developed. The two light ratio method can minimize the impact on the flame temperature measurement caused by the flame soot in a furnace and thus can greatly improve the temperature measurement accuracy.

A flame detecting system includes a flame sensor to detect light and a calculating device, in which the calculating device includes an applied voltage generating portion configured to generate a pulse to drive the flame sensor, a voltage detecting portion configured to measure an electric signal flowing in the flame sensor, a storing portion configured to store sensitivity parameters of the flame sensor in advance, and a central processing unit configured to obtain a quantity of received light of flame using parameters of a known quantity of received light, a pulse width, and a discharge probability of the sensitivity parameters, and a discharge probability obtained from an actual pulse width and the measured number of discharge times, and in which a difference in sensitivity of individual flame sensors is corrected from sensitivity parameters related to a first flame sensor and sensitivity parameters related to a second flame sensor.

A flame indicator assembly for a fuel-fired heating appliance, the fuel-fired heating appliance including a burner assembly and control electronics. The flame indicator assembly comprises a flame sensor configured to allow the flow of electric current in response to exposure to a flame. The flame sensor is configured for electrical communication with the control electronics of the fuel-fired heating appliance. The flame indicator assembly also comprises a visual indicator module attached to the flame sensor. The visual indicator module comprises at least one light source. The visual indicator module is in operative communication with the flame sensor such that the at least one light source is actuated in response to the flow of electric current. A fuel-fired heating appliance comprising a flame indicator assembly is also disclosed.

A cooking appliance gas burner system includes a gas burner adapted to receive gas flow from a gas feed line via a venturi. A flow sensor includes a gas flow input in fluid connection with the venturi and configured to measure pressure at the venturi. The flow sensor further includes a differential pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure differential at the venturi between a maximum burner air/gas mixture flow rate and a user input burner air/gas mixture flow rate that is input by a user as a requested percentage of the maximum burner air/gas mixture flow rate. A proportional valve is configured to modulate the air/gas mixture flow rate into the gas burner. A controller is configured to read burner air/gas mixture flow rates from the flow sensor and regulate the burner air/gas mixture flow rate via the proportional valve based upon a user-defined input.

A combustion apparatus comprising includes: a combustion part for combusting fuel gas; a mixed gas supply channel for supplying a mixed gas of fuel gas and air to the combustion part; and a flame sensor located in or facing the mixed gas supply channel and capable of optically detecting a flame of a backfire from the combustion part to the mixed gas supply channel in the event of the backfire. The combustion apparatus further includes a shielding part that prevents travel of the light of the flame during normal combustion and the backfired flame of the backfire from the combustion part to the flame sensor.

A hydrogen gas burner includes a first, axially extending, tubular pipe having an axial slot in a sidewall thereof. An axially elongate duct projects radially outwardly from the axial slot and is in fluid communication with an interior of the pipe. The axially elongate duct has through-holes formed through a wall thereof, communicating the interior of the pipe with an exterior thereof. A second, axially extending, tubular pipe, has an axial opening in a sidewall thereof, the axial opening spanning at least a portion of an axial extent of the second pipe. The first pipe is substantially nested within the second pipe and the axially elongate duct projects radially outwardly through the axial opening. A combination gas valve and pressure regulator fluidly connects hydrogen gas with the first pipe. An igniter ignites and initiates combustion of the hydrogen gas exiting from the first pipe and duct via the through-holes.