A water heating system can include a water heater having a tank, an inlet line, and an outlet line, where the inlet line provides unheated water to the tank, and where the outlet line draws heated water from the tank. The water heating system can also include multiple sensing devices, where each sensing device of the plurality of sensing devices measures a parameter associated with the tank. The water heating system can further include a controller communicably coupled to the plurality of sensing devices, where the controller determines an amount of heated water in the tank based on measurements made by the plurality of sensing devices.

A scale adhesion prevention operation of a circulation pump operated in an instant hot water operation is efficiently and appropriately performed. An instant hot water circulation path is formed to bypass a hot water tap outside a hot water supply device and to pass through a heat exchanger inside the hot water supply device by operating a circulation pump when the hot water tap is closed. A controller performs a protection operation which operates the circulation pump when a first condition in which stop of the circulation pump is continued for a first time is satisfied and a second condition related to stop of a hot water supply operation is further satisfied.

A scale-free boiler of the present disclosure includes a boiler case, a main flow path disposed inside the boiler case and in communication with a heating flow path disposed outside the boiler case to provide heating, a heat source for heating water flowing along the main flow path, and a filter for removing, based on an electrical force, an ionic material contained in the water flowing along the main flow path or water to be supplied to the main flow path to prevent occurrence of scale.

A scale-free boiler of the present disclosure includes a boiler case, a main flow path disposed inside the boiler case and in communication with a heating flow path disposed outside the boiler case to provide heating, a heat source for heating water flowing along the main flow path, and a filter for removing, based on an electrical force, an ionic material contained in the water flowing along the main flow path or water to be supplied to the main flow path to prevent occurrence of scale.

A testing device (10) for testing the level of a selected chemical in central heating system water in a central heating system circuit comprises: a sample chamber (14) for holding a sample of central heating system water to be tested, the sample chamber (14) being connectable (12) to the central heating system circuit to allow fluid to pass between the central heating system circuit and the sample chamber (14); means (16) for controlling filling of the sample chamber (14) with central heating system water from the central heating system circuit, and emptying of the sample chamber (14); at least one valve (18) for isolating the sample of central heating system water from the heating circuit during testing; and optical testing apparatus including a light source (20) and a detector (22), for measuring an optical property of the sample of central heating system water isolated within the sample chamber (14) and thereby making a determination as to whether or not the level of the selected chemical in the water is greater than a predetermined threshold level.

A radiant heater is disclosed. The radiant heater includes a heating layer, with a first elongated conductor configured to receive electricity and a second elongated conductor disposed parallel to the first conductor. A continuous sheet of resistive material adapted to produce heat in response to electrical current is disposed between the first and second elongated conductor. The heater also includes a transparent layer and a non-transparent functional layer that is disposed between the heating layer and the transparent layer. In a preferred aspect, the invention is in the form of a heating mirror.

A magnetic debris level measuring device for a magnetic filter is disclosed. The magnetic debris level measuring device includes a magnetometer and a temperature sensor. The temperature measured by the temperature sensor is used to calculate a corrected magnetometer reading, which in turn can be used to determine the amount of captured magnetic debris held within the filter. The device has a stored threshold for the corrected magnetometer reading, and when the corrected magnetometer reading crosses the stored threshold a notification is issued that the filter is full. If it is detected that debris continues to be captured after the full notification has been issued, the stored threshold will be updated accordingly.

A heating system includes: a heat source machine which heats a heat medium; heating terminals which performs heating using heat of the heat medium; circulation components of the heat medium; a circulation circuit which is configured by connecting the heat source machine, the heating terminals, and the circulation components; and a bypass passage which is arranged in the circulation circuit to bypass the heat source machine. The heat medium heated by the heat source machine and the heat medium of the bypass passage are mixed and circulated. The circulation circuit includes distribution and mixing parts which have a first distribution part for distributing the heat medium heated by the heat source machine, a second distribution part for distributing the heat medium flowing through the bypass passage, and mixing parts for mixing the heat mediums distributed by the first and second distribution parts and corresponding to each other.

A zone controller works with a modulating unit comprising memory storing an instruction set and data related to thermostats, a plurality of duty cycles for a plurality of zones, a plurality of time periods for the plurality of zones, and a maximum zone load. A processor is operative to provide a modulating signal to the modulating unit based on the maximum zone load. The modulating signal determines operation of the modulating boiler and the maximum zone load based on the plurality of duty cycles, time periods, and data related to thermostats. The zone controller may be further operative to: calculate a first duty cycle for the first zone based on a first time period; calculate a second duty cycle for the second zone based on a second time period; and determine a maximum zone load, which is a greater of the first duty cycle and the second duty cycle.

A water heating system can include a water heater having a tank, an inlet line, and an outlet line, where the inlet line provides unheated water to the tank, and where the outlet line draws heated water from the tank. The water heating system can also include multiple sensing devices, where each sensing device of the plurality of sensing devices measures a parameter associated with the tank. The water heating system can further include a controller communicably coupled to the plurality of sensing devices, where the controller determines an amount of heated water in the tank based on measurements made by the plurality of sensing devices.