Provided is a heat generating arrangement and a method for generation of heat to be used in a heat consumer. The heat generating arrangement uses combustion of aluminium and hydrogen to raise the temperature of superheated steam inside the heat generating arrangement. The heat in the superheated steam can thereafter be used in a heat consumer, such as a heat exchanger.

The devices, systems, and methods of the present disclosure are generally directed to using an increase in gas pressure (e.g., through an increase in heat) to move an actuator that at least partially defines a volume containing a feed fluid in fluid communication with a membrane. As the increase in gas pressure moves the actuator, pressure on the feed fluid in the volume may increase beyond a threshold pressure sufficient to move the feed fluid through the membrane. Movement of the feed fluid through the membrane may reduce a volumetric concentration of one or more components of the feed fluid to form a permeate. For example, the increase in pressure may drive the actuator to increase pressure on salt-water in the volume and, ultimately, move the salt-water through the membrane to form the permeate as part of a reverse osmosis process achieved without the use of a mechanical pump.

The devices, systems, and methods of the present disclosure are generally directed to using an increase in gas pressure (e.g., through an increase in heat) to move an actuator that at least partially defines a volume containing a feed fluid in fluid communication with a membrane. As the increase in gas pressure moves the actuator, pressure on the feed fluid in the volume may increase beyond a threshold pressure sufficient to move the feed fluid through the membrane. Movement of the feed fluid through the membrane may reduce a volumetric concentration of one or more components of the feed fluid to form a permeate. For example, the increase in pressure may drive the actuator to increase pressure on salt-water in the volume and, ultimately, move the salt-water through the membrane to form the permeate as part of a reverse osmosis process achieved without the use of a mechanical pump.

Disclosed are systems and methods for manufacturing energy relays for energy directing systems. Methods and devices are disclosed for forming random and non-random patterns of energy relay materials with energy localization properties. Methods and devices are disclosed for forming energy relays of different shapes.

Disclosed are systems and methods for manufacturing energy relays for energy directing systems. Methods and devices are disclosed for forming random and non-random patterns of energy relay materials with energy localization properties. Methods and devices are disclosed for forming energy relays of different shapes.

Disclosed are systems and methods for manufacturing energy relays for energy directing systems inducing Ordered Energy Localization effects. Ordered Energy Localization relay material distribution criteria are disclosed. Transverse planar as well as multi-dimensional ordered material configurations are discussed. Methods and systems are disclosed for forming non-random patterns of energy relay materials with energy localization properties.

Disclosed are systems and methods for manufacturing energy relays for energy directing systems inducing Ordered Energy Localization effects. Ordered Energy Localization relay material distribution criteria are disclosed. Transverse planar as well as multi-dimensional ordered material configurations are discussed. Methods and systems are disclosed for forming non-random patterns of energy relay materials with energy localization properties.

Disclosed are systems and methods for manufacturing energy directing systems for directing energy of multiple energy domains. Energy relays and energy waveguides are disclosed for directing energy of multiple energy domains, including electromagnetic energy, acoustic energy, and haptic energy. Systems are disclosed for projecting and sensing 4D energy-fields comprising multiple energy domains.

Disclosed are systems and methods for manufacturing energy directing systems for directing energy of multiple energy domains. Energy relays and energy waveguides are disclosed for directing energy of multiple energy domains, including electromagnetic energy, acoustic energy, and haptic energy. Systems are disclosed for projecting and sensing 4D energy-fields comprising multiple energy domains.

Methods and systems are presented for configuring oxygen barriers for controlled access to chemical warming agents such as wood fiber, vermiculite, activated charcoal, iron, and salt. In this way a smart phone, syringe, or other cold-sensitive device may be warmed by such agents to restore or maintain functionality in a frigid environment.