Disposable devices for maintaining the contents of containers, such as hot beverage cups, at or near a desired temperature for an extended period of time. The disposable devices include a sleeve having an inner surface, an outer surface, and a cavity that contains a heating element. The device is configured to define an interior passage that is sized and able to conform to an exterior shape of a container such that heat can be transferred from the heating element to the container. The device includes openings that allow air to contact and activate the heating element via initiation of a heat-generating reaction.

Disposable devices for maintaining the contents of containers, such as hot beverage cups, at or near a desired temperature for an extended period of time. The disposable devices include a sleeve having an inner surface, an outer surface, and a cavity that contains a heating element. The device is configured to define an interior passage that is sized and able to conform to an exterior shape of a container such that heat can be transferred from the heating element to the container. The device includes openings that allow air to contact and activate the heating element via initiation of a heat-generating reaction.

A flameless and nonelectric insulated steam source. The steam source may be operated within a garment bag to refresh and remove wrinkles from an article of clothing. Hydrating an exothermic compound produces steam. An insulator within the steam source allows the pouch to be handled and prevents damage to the garment bag and the surroundings when using compounds with high thermal output. Single-use garment bags employ integrated steam sources to streamline garment steaming. A garment bag can be designed to optimize the benefit to garments when using the steam source.

A flameless and nonelectric insulated steam source. The steam source may be operated within a garment bag to refresh and remove wrinkles from an article of clothing. Hydrating an exothermic compound produces steam. An insulator within the steam source allows the pouch to be handled and prevents damage to the garment bag and the surroundings when using compounds with high thermal output. Single-use garment bags employ integrated steam sources to streamline garment steaming. A garment bag can be designed to optimize the benefit to garments when using the steam source.

Provided is a boiler configured to perform heating by a heat generation section provided with heat generation bodies in a container and capable of properly charging a circulation path including, as part thereof, the inside of the container with required gas.

A boiler includes: heat generation bodies; a container configured such that the heat generation bodies are provided inside and configured chargeable with gas with higher specific heat than that of air; and a circulation path including, as part thereof, the inside of the container, the circulation path being a path in which gas circulates. When the charging process of charging the circulation path with the gas is performed, a circulation amount and a gas concentration in the circulation path are monitored.

An apparatus including a boiler configured to receive water, sodium hydroxide, and aluminum. A generator adjacent to the boiler and configured to generate electricity based on heat received from the boiler. A hydrogen capture system coupled with the boiler and configured to capture hydrogen from the boiler. A fuel cell communicatively coupled with the hydrogen capture system and configured to receive at least a portion of the hydrogen from the hydrogen capture system to generate electricity. A transformer electrically coupled with the generator and the fuel cell.

An apparatus including a boiler configured to receive water, sodium hydroxide, and aluminum. A generator adjacent to the boiler and configured to generate electricity based on heat received from the boiler. A hydrogen capture system coupled with the boiler and configured to capture hydrogen from the boiler. A fuel cell communicatively coupled with the hydrogen capture system and configured to receive at least a portion of the hydrogen from the hydrogen capture system to generate electricity. A transformer electrically coupled with the generator and the fuel cell.

Disclosed is a pressure regulator, comprising: a first cylindrical chamber; a second cylindrical chamber located concentrically within the first cylindrical chamber and in thermal communication with the first cylindrical chamber; and further comprising at least one of: an internal valve, wherein the internal valve is connected at a first end to the first cylindrical chamber and at a second end to the second cylindrical chamber, wherein the internal valve allows the flow of gas from the second cylindrical chamber to the first cylindrical chamber; and an external gas chamber and an external valve, wherein the external gas chamber is located outside the first cylindrical chamber, wherein the external valve is connected at a first end to the first cylindrical chamber and at a second end to the external gas chamber, wherein the external valve allows the flow of gas from the external gas chamber to the first cylindrical chamber.

A smoke producing method and device of the present disclosure produces a non-incendiary, organic-polymerization based, smoke-producing reaction. Some versions of the smoke are effective carriers for capsaicinoid compounds. The method of generating smoke comprises initiating a frontal polymerization reaction by heating a composition comprising a monomer compound that exothermically polymerizes upon initiation with an initiator compound and an initiator compound that initiates polymerization of the monomer compound present at a mass concentration that is at least five percent of the mass concentration of the monomer compound. The polymerization of the monomer compound is exothermic, and in one embodiment the concentration of initiator compound is at least five percent of the concentration of monomer compound. The smoke mainly comprises thermal decomposition products of the initiator compound.

Disclosed are systems and methods for manufacturing energy directing systems for directing energy of multiple energy domains. Energy relays and energy waveguides are disclosed for directing energy of multiple energy domains, including electromagnetic energy, acoustic energy, and haptic energy. Systems are disclosed for projecting and sensing 4D energy-fields comprising multiple energy domains.