Protecting qubits of a quantum processor from spontaneous emission and thermal photon noise includes connecting a first port of a filter to a signal line of a readout resonator of a qubit circuit of a quantum processor. The filter has a passband including a readout resonator frequency associated with the readout resonator and a first stopband including a qubit transition frequency associated with the qubit circuit. A second port of the filter is connected to a measurement device. a signal line of the filter is galvanically connected to a reference ground in thermal contact to a stage of a cryostat. The galvanic connection further makes a thermal connection to an input signal line of the qubit circuit.

Particular embodiments described herein provide for an electronic device that can be configured to include a hybrid thermal management system. The hybrid thermal management system can include a heat source, an air mover, a heat sink coupled to the air mover, a thermal electric cooling device (TEC), and a heat pipe. The heat pipe can couple the heat source to the heat sink and to the TEC and transfer heat from the heat source to the heat sink and to the TEC.

The application relates to a cooling system, the cooling system having: an evaporator, a first compressor, a second compressor, a cooling component, an expansion device and a line system that connects the evaporator, the first compressor, the second compressor, the cooling component and the expansion device to one another. The cooling system includes a refrigerant, wherein the refrigerant comprises carbon dioxide. The first compressor and the second compressor are arranged in series with one another. The application also relates to a corresponding laboratory instrument.

Disclosed is a CO.sub.2 based refrigeration system including a condenser for transferring heat from a CO.sub.2 refrigerant of the refrigeration system to an air stream. The system further includes a metering device downstream of the condenser and a bypass arrangement. The metering device is configured to create a pressure drop so that part of the refrigerant liquifies, when received in a supercritical state, from the condenser such that a liquid component and a flash gas component are generated. The bypass arrangement includes a valve and a bypass line to allow the refrigerant to bypass the metering device.

A working medium for a heat cycle includes HFO-1123, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze. These three components HFO-1123, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze are present as principal components in a mixture state.

The invention relates to an apparatus (112) and to a method (210) for generating cryogenic temperatures. The apparatus (112) comprises at least one cooling stage (111) which has a cold region (110) and a warm region (116), and a refrigerant mixture designed specifically for the cooling stage (111) is provided in the warm region (116), the refrigerant mixture having at least two components each having a different boiling temperature, and the cold region (110) comprises at least one cooling stage (111): - a first heat exchanger (122), which has a high-pressure side (120) to receive the refrigerant mixture at a high-pressure level from the warm region (116) of the cooling stage (111) and a low-pressure side (126) to deliver the refrigerant mixture to the warm region (116) of the cooling stage (111); - a first expansion device (136), which is designed for expansion and for cooling of the refrigerant mixture at a low-pressure level; - a second heat exchanger (148), which is designed for cooling and for partial condensation of a proportion of the refrigerant mixture located in a buffer volume (140), the buffer volume (140) being designed to limit the pressure exerted by the refrigerant mixture; and - a second expansion device (150), which is designed for separation of the buffer volume (140) from the low-pressure level of the cooling stage (111) or connection of the buffer volume (140) to said low-pressure level. The invention enables autonomous operation of the apparatus (112) and of the method (210) for generating cryogenic temperatures, in which each cooling stage (111) of the apparatus (112) can be filled with a pre-defined refrigerant mixture and can be permanently operated, and in particular in the cooling phase the refrigerating capacity can be increased, while incorrect distribution of the refrigerant of the relevant cooling stage (111) among parallel flow channels at the cold end of the first heat exchanger (122) can be prevented.

A pressure increase in a compressor is suppressed. Disclosed is a method that uses a composition as a refrigerant in a refrigerant circuit, in which the composition includes one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of ethylene-based fluoroolefins, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and in the refrigerant circuit, the total internal volume of a refrigerant pipe and a component that are connected to a compressor is greater than or equal to 0.7 times the internal volume of the compressor.

An air-conditioning apparatus includes a refrigerant circuit formed by connecting a compressor that discharges a zeotropic refrigerant, an outdoor-side heat exchanger that exchanges heat between outside air and the refrigerant, a first expansion device that regulates the pressure of the refrigerant, and a load-side heat exchanger that exchanges heat between the air in an air-conditioning target space and the refrigerant. The air-conditioning apparatus includes a controller that has a composition computing function unit and a composition determining function unit The composition determining function unit is configured to adopt a predetermined value set in advance and related to composition as a circulating composition if the computation result is determined as incorrect, and adopt the computation result as the circulating composition if the computation result is determined as correct.

A heat pump system is provided that uses MCM to provide for heating or cooling. The heat pump is constructed from a continuously rotating regenerator where MCM is cycled in and out of a magnetic field in a continuous manner. A heat transfer fluid is circulated therethrough to provide for heat transfer in a cyclic manner. The MCM may include stages having different Curie temperature ranges. A field of varying magnetic flux may be used. The rotating regenerator can be equipped with one or more gaskets to improve fluid seals between the rotating regenerator and stationary parts. An appliance using such a heat pump system is also provided. The heat pump may also be used in other applications for heating, cooling, or both.

An object of the present invention is to provide, as a working fluid to be used for a heat cycle system, a working fluid for heat cycle that has cycle performance replaceable with that of R410A, and at the same time, has a small burden on an apparatus, low flammability, suppressed self-decomposition, and less effect on global warming, and therefore, is usable stably even if leaked, a composition for heat cycle system containing the same, and a heat cycle system using the composition. The working fluid for heat cycle contains trifluoroethylene, difluoromethane, and at least one selected from 1,1-difluoroethane, fluoroethane, propane, propylene, carbon dioxide, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene at mass ratios satisfying predetermined expressions and at a ratio of the total content to be 90 to 100 mass % relative to the total amount of the working fluid and has a temperature glide of 10° C. or less.