A system includes a high side heat exchanger, a flash tank, a first load, a second load, and a thermal storage tank. The high side heat exchanger is configured to remove heat from a refrigerant. The flash tank is configured to store the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger and discharge a flash gas. The first load is configured to use the refrigerant from the flash tank to remove heat from a first space proximate to the first load. The second load is configured to use the refrigerant from the flash tank to remove heat from a second space proximate to the second load. The thermal storage tank is configured, when a power outage is determined to be occurring, to receive the flash gas from the flash tank, and remove heat from the flash gas.

A thermal management system includes at least one vapor compression system (VCS) that is configured to cool portions of the vehicle. The VCS circulates a fluid therethrough to cool the portions of the vehicle through heat exchange. At least one reverse air cycle machine (RACM) couples to VCS through a first heat exchanger. The RACM is configured to receive ram air. The RACM expands the ram air. Heat from the fluid circulating through the VCS is transferred to the expanded ram air through the first heat exchanger.

There is provided an air-conditioning system in which at least one or some of a plurality of air-conditioning apparatuses are each controllable such that the indoor temperature is maintained between two set temperatures. All the plurality of air-conditioning apparatuses are switched to either one of heating operation and cooling operation on the basis of a temperature difference between the indoor temperature related to an air-conditioning apparatus that is in the first operation mode and a set target temperature and a temperature difference between the indoor temperature related to an air-conditioning apparatuses that is in the second operation mode and an upper temperature limit or a lower temperature limit.

A refrigeration system includes a gas cooler or a condenser configured to reject first heat from a first fluid that is at a first pressure and that is in a supercritical state or subcritical state. The refrigeration system further includes an evaporator configured to absorb second heat into a second fluid that is at a second pressure that is lower than the first pressure and that is in a liquid state, a vapor state, or a two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor. The refrigeration system further includes a rotary pressure exchanger configured to receive the first fluid from the gas cooler or the condenser, to receive the second fluid from the evaporator, and to exchange pressure, via a rotor of the rotary pressure exchanger, between the first fluid and the second fluid.

An air-conditioning apparatus includes a controller which calculates a composition ratio of a refrigerant mixture using a high-pressure-side pressure of a refrigerant discharged from a compressor, a low-pressure-side pressure of a refrigerant to be sucked into the compressor, a high-pressure-side temperature of a refrigerant at an inlet side of a second expansion device in a high/low pressure bypass pipe, and a low-pressure-side temperature of a refrigerant at an outlet side of the second expansion device in the high/low pressure bypass pipe and which determines whether to open or close a bypass-channel opening/closing device.

A cryocooler includes a second-stage cooling stage, a second cylinder which includes the second-stage cooling stage on a terminal of the second-stage cylinder, a second-stage displacer which includes a magnetic regenerator material and is accommodated in the second-stage cylinder so as to be able to reciprocate in the second-stage cylinder, and a tubular magnetic shield which is installed on the second-stage cooling stage and extends along the second-stage cylinder outside the second-stage cylinder. The magnetic shield is formed of a normal conductor and a product of an electrical conductivity in a temperature range of 10 K (Kelvin) or less and a thickness of the tubular magnetic shield is 60 MS (Mega-Siemens) to 1980 MS.

Provided is a chiller and system that may be utilized in a supercritical fluid chromatography method, wherein a non-polar solvent may replace a portion or all of a polar solvent for the purpose of separating or extracting desired sample molecules from a combined sample/solvent stream. The system may reduce the amount of polar solvent necessary for chromatographic separation and/or extraction of desired samples. The system may incorporate a supercritical fluid chiller, a supercritical fluid pressure-equalizing vessel and a supercritical fluid cyclonic separator. The supercritical fluid chiller allows for efficient and consistent pumping of liquid-phase gases employing off-the-shelf HPLC pumps. The pressure equalizing vessel allows the use of off-the-shelf HPLC column cartridges. The system may further incorporate the use of one or more disposable cartridges containing silica gel or other suitable medium. The system may also utilize an open loop cooling circuit using fluids with a positive Joule-Thomson coefficient.

The present application provides a refrigeration system using a flow of a carbon dioxide refrigerant. The refrigeration system may include a flash tank, a number of temperature suction compressors for a temperature suction cycle, and a flash gas bypass system positioned between the flash tank and the cycle compressors. The flash gas bypass system may include one or more oversized flash gas compressors so as to alternate between the temperature suction cycle and a flash tank suction cycle.

A thermal management system includes a closed dynamic cooling circuit, and a closed first steady-state cooling circuit. Each circuit has its own compressor, heat rejection exchanger, and expansion device. A thermal energy storage (TES) system is configured to receive a dynamic load and thermally couple the dynamic cooling circuit and the first steady-state cooling circuit. The dynamic cooling circuit is configured to cool the TES to fully absorb thermal energy received by the TES when a dynamic thermal load is ON, and the steady-state cooling circuit is configured to cool the TES when the dynamic thermal load is OFF.

A method for conditioning air in a test space of a test chamber which receives test material. A temperature in a range of −20° C. to +180° C. is established within the test space with a cooling device. The cooling device includes a cooling circuit with a refrigerant, a heat exchanger, a compressor, a condenser and an expansion element. An internal heat exchanger of the cooling circuit is connected to a high-pressure side of the cooling circuit upstream of the expansion element and downstream of the condenser and to a low-pressure side of the cooling circuit upstream of the compressor and downstream of the heat exchanger and is used to cool the refrigerant of the high-pressure side. A zeotropic refrigerant is used and the internal heat exchanger is used to cool the refrigerant of the high-pressure side to lower an evaporation temperature at the expansion element.