A phase-change cooling system including: an evaporator holding a refrigerant liquid receiving heat from a heat generating source; a condenser releasing heat of a refrigerant vapor generated by vaporization of the refrigerant liquid at the evaporator and generating the refrigerant liquid; refrigerant liquid driving unit circulating the refrigerant liquid; a first piping unit for connecting the evaporator and the condenser; a second piping unit connecting the condenser and the refrigerant liquid driving unit; a third piping unit connecting the refrigerant liquid driving unit and the evaporator; and a fourth piping unit having one end connected to the first piping unit at a first connection point and another end connected to the second piping unit at a second connection point; a refrigerant storage unit storing the refrigerant liquid, the refrigerant storage unit being provided within a flow channel formed with the second piping unit.

A skid for capturing refrigeration from liquefied natural gas vaporization is disclosed comprising a first heat exchanger mounted on the skid, the first heat exchanger having a natural gas inlet, a natural gas outlet, a process fluid inlet, and a process fluid outlet. The process fluid is configured to flow from the process fluid inlet through the first heat exchanger to the process fluid outlet and then to the process fluid inlet. Other embodiments of the system for capturing refrigeration from vaporization of liquid natural gas, and methods for its use, are described herein.

An automated, ultra-low temperature freezer having multiple structural features that reduce heat transfer into the freezer, protect its internal mechanical devices against low temperature mechanical binding of their movements, allow defrosting and autoclaving as a result of only minimal changes to the conventional CO.sub.2 emergency backup system. A group of freezers are arranged so they can simultaneously provide an HVAC function. A vial management system allows biological samples or vials to be automatically placed in and recovered from the freezer and associates the temperature history with each sample or vial that it was subjected to during its storage.

A two-phase pump loop (TPPL) for dissipating a thermal load during operation of an apparatus includes a coolant, a vapor/liquid receiver, a pump, an evaporator, a condenser, a valve (V.sub.1) configured to regulate a pressure at an outlet of the condenser; a valve (V.sub.2) having a control set point set equivalent to a low pressure (P.sub.L) measured in the vapor/liquid receiver; and a controller configured to control the set points of V.sub.1 and V.sub.2. The TPPL is configured to cool the thermal load with tight control of the temperature of the coolant that is cooling the apparatus. The TPPL may be combined with a vapor cycle system (VCS) to provide a thermal management system with the VCS being configured to use the same or different coolant than the TPPL.

An immersion tank includes a tank main body configured to store a coolant, at least one first air bag that is provided in the tank main body, that is coupled to a bottom portion of the tank main body, that is able to be inflated toward an upper portion of the tank main body, and that is able to be deflated, from an inflated state thereof, toward the bottom portion, and a guide member that is provided outside the at least one first air bag in the tank main body and that is configured to guide the at least one first air bag during the inflation and the deflation of the at least one first air bag.

A dry-cooling system useful in absorbing heat from a heat source and related dry cooling methods including a depolymerization cooling unit (DCU) in fluid communication with a polymerization heating unit (PHU). The DCU includes a DCU heat exchanger which receives a polymer and a catalyst, wherein contact of the polymer and the catalyst within the DCU heat exchanger causes an endothermic reaction, converting the polymer to a monomer and drawing heat from a first heat source. The monomer is then withdrawn from the DCU. The PHU includes a PHU heat exchanger, which receives the monomer, wherein contact of the monomer with the catalyst causes an exothermic reaction within the PHU heat exchanger, converting the monomer to the polymer. The polymer is then withdrawn from the PHU for conveyance back to the DCU, and the cycle is repeated.

A dry-cooling system useful in absorbing heat from a heat source and related dry cooling methods including a depolymerization cooling unit (DCU) in fluid communication with a polymerization heating unit (PHU). The DCU includes a DCU heat exchanger which receives a polymer and a catalyst, wherein contact of the polymer and the catalyst within the DCU heat exchanger causes an endothermic reaction, converting the polymer to a monomer and drawing heat from a first heat source. The monomer is then withdrawn from the DCU. The PHU includes a PHU heat exchanger, which receives the monomer, wherein contact of the monomer with the catalyst causes an exothermic reaction within the PHU heat exchanger, converting the monomer to the polymer. The polymer is then withdrawn from the PHU for conveyance back to the DCU, and the cycle is repeated.

The present prevention provides a surface coating for cooling a surface by light scattering comprising a plurality of successive layers, each of the layers may be comprised of a plurality of spheres arranged to form a structure comprised of packed spheres. Each layer may have a different arrangement of packed spheres to create to a different light scattering property in each of the layers. The coating of the structures may also be formed by randomly packed spheres and the spheres may have a uniform diameter.

A thermal management system for regulating dissipation of multiple thermal loads during operation of an apparatus includes a two-phase pump loop (TPPL), a vapor cycle system (VCS), and a liquid thermal energy storage (TES) system integrated together to maintain the apparatus at a constant temperature. The TPPL is configured to remove heat from the apparatus; the TES system is configured to provide thermal energy storage and temperature regulation; and the VCS is configured to transfer heat to the environment. The multiple thermal loads include a primary thermal load in the form of heat from the apparatus and a secondary thermal load in the form of at least one of a housekeeping thermal load or a power electronics thermal load. The primary and secondary loads are at different temperatures with each being independently selected to be transient or steady state.

A thermal management system for regulating dissipation of multiple thermal loads during operation of an apparatus includes a two-phase pump loop (TPPL), a vapor cycle system (VCS), and a liquid thermal energy storage (TES) system integrated together to maintain the apparatus at a constant temperature. The TPPL is configured to remove heat from the apparatus; the TES system is configured to provide thermal energy storage and temperature regulation; and the VCS is configured to transfer heat to the environment. The multiple thermal loads include a primary thermal load in the form of heat from the apparatus and a secondary thermal load in the form of at least one of a housekeeping thermal load or a power electronics thermal load. The primary and secondary loads are at different temperatures with each being independently selected to be transient or steady state.