A heat pipe structure includes a first tubular body and a second tubular body. The first tubular body has a first receiving space. A first working fluid is contained in the first receiving space. The second tubular body is disposed in the first receiving space. The second tubular body has a second receiving space. A second working fluid is contained in the second receiving space. The solidification temperature of the first working fluid is different from the solidification temperature of the second working fluid so that the heat pipe structure can be activated at low temperature to keep operating at normal temperature to enhance the performance. Moreover, the assembly applicability is enhanced to lower the assembling cost.

A liquid panel assembly configured to be used with an energy exchanger may include a support frame having one or more fluid circuits and at least one membrane secured to the support frame. Each of the fluid circuits may include an inlet channel connected to an outlet channel through one or more flow passages. A liquid is configured to flow through the fluid circuits and contact interior surfaces of the membrane(s). The fluid circuits are configured to at least partially offset liquid hydrostatic pressure with friction loss of the liquid flowing within the fluid circuits to minimize, eliminate, or otherwise reduce pressure within the liquid panel assembly.

A turbine engine system includes a heat source, a heat exchanger, a cooling medium inlet and a cooling medium outlet. The heat source includes a first passage. The heat exchanger includes a second passage and a third passage. The first and the second passages are configured in a closed loop circuit. The third passage is configured between the inlet and the outlet in an open loop circuit.

A turbine engine system includes a heat source, a heat exchanger, a cooling medium inlet and a cooling medium outlet. The heat source includes a first passage. The heat exchanger includes a second passage and a third passage. The first and the second passages are configured in a closed loop circuit. The third passage is configured between the inlet and the outlet in an open loop circuit.

A cooling system for cooling a flow of milk includes a first and a second refrigeration system; a first and a second intermediate coolant circulating system; and a line manifold interconnectable between the first and second intermediate coolant circulating systems, wherein coolant in the first intermediate coolant circulating system is in heat exchange connection with the first refrigeration system in a first heat exchange section and coolant in the second intermediate coolant circulating system is in heat exchange connection with the second refrigeration system in a second heat exchange section. The cooling system is reconfigurable between first operation configuration providing two-stage cooling of the flow of milk and a second operation configuration providing one-stage cooling of the flow of milk.

A cooling system for cooling a flow of milk includes a first and a second refrigeration system; a first and a second intermediate coolant circulating system; and a line manifold interconnectable between the first and second intermediate coolant circulating systems, wherein coolant in the first intermediate coolant circulating system is in heat exchange connection with the first refrigeration system in a first heat exchange section and coolant in the second intermediate coolant circulating system is in heat exchange connection with the second refrigeration system in a second heat exchange section. The cooling system is reconfigurable between first operation configuration providing two-stage cooling of the flow of milk and a second operation configuration providing one-stage cooling of the flow of milk.

A cooling assembly includes walls extending around and defining an enclosed vapor chamber that holds a working fluid. An interior porous wick structure is disposed inside the chamber and lines interior surfaces of the walls. The wick structure includes pores that hold a liquid phase of the working fluid. The cooling assembly also includes an exterior porous wick structure lining exterior surfaces of the walls outside of the vapor chamber. The exterior wick structure includes pores that hold a liquid phase of a cooling fluid outside the vapor chamber. The interior wick structure holds the liquid working fluid until heat from an external heat source vaporizes the working fluid inside the vapor chamber. The exterior wick structure holds the liquid fluid outside the vapor chamber until heat from inside the vapor chamber vaporizes the liquid cooling fluid in the exterior wick structure for transferring heat away from the heat source.

An apparatus and method for melting snow and/or ice on a vehicle comprises a precipitation sensor, a surface temperature sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, a heater, and a programmable controller. The programmable controller comprises a memory unit to store a cut off surface temperature Tc, and a set of program modules. The programmable controller further comprises a processor to execute the set of program modules. A heater control module, executed by the processor, is configured to deactivate a heater based on a surface temperature being greater than the cut off surface temperature. Further, heater control module is configured to activate the heater based on an ambient temperature being lower than freezing point of water and precipitation being present outside the vehicle, thereby melting snow and/or ice on the vehicle. The snow melts off because of heat generated by the heater upon activation.

An apparatus and method for melting snow and/or ice on a vehicle comprises a precipitation sensor, a surface temperature sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, a heater, and a programmable controller. The programmable controller comprises a memory unit to store a cut off surface temperature Tc, and a set of program modules. The programmable controller further comprises a processor to execute the set of program modules. A heater control module, executed by the processor, is configured to deactivate a heater based on a surface temperature being greater than the cut off surface temperature. Further, heater control module is configured to activate the heater based on an ambient temperature being lower than freezing point of water and precipitation being present outside the vehicle, thereby melting snow and/or ice on the vehicle. The snow melts off because of heat generated by the heater upon activation.

An integrated liquid-cooling radiator includes a first reservoir, a second reservoir and a plurality of radiating pipes. The first reservoir is made of a heat-dissipating metal material. A first partition is provided in the first reservoir to divide an inside of the first reservoir into a first liquid inlet chamber and a first liquid outlet chamber. A bottom of the first reservoir is provided with a thermally conductive copper sheet. By arranging the thermally conductive copper sheet on the first reservoir to form an integrated structure, the product has a compact structure.