A cooling system is disclosed. The cooling system may comprise a first cooling unit installed at a cooling target, the first cooling unit including a first cooling pipe forming a flow path of a first refrigerant; and a second cooling unit installed at the cooling target, the second cooling unit including a second cooling pipe forming a flow path of a second refrigerant, wherein the first cooling pipe includes a first cooling pipe first end adjacent to a first side of the cooling target, the first refrigerant being introduced into the first cooling pipe first end; and a first cooling pipe second end adjacent to a second side of the cooling target, the first refrigerant being discharged from the first cooling pipe second end, wherein the second cooling pipe includes a second cooling pipe first end adjacent to the first side of the cooling target, the second refrigerant being discharged from the second cooling pipe first end; and a second cooling pipe second end adjacent to the second side of the cooling target, the second refrigerant being introduced into the second cooling pipe second end.

A method of cooling a liner in a plasma chamber. A recycle gas is contacted with or passed through the liner to cool the liner and pre-heat the recycle gas. The pre-heated gas is then recycled through the plasma chamber to become part of the plasma forming process. The method further comprises the liner is graphite, the recycle gas passes through at least one cooling channel present in the liner, at least one of the cooling channels are covered with at least one removable liner/channel cover, carbon deposits are formed from the presence of hydrocarbons in the recycle gas, at least one channel is formed in a spiral cooling channel pattern, at least one channel is formed in a substantially straight cooling channel pattern, and a plenum to aid in the production of an even distribution of cooling gas in the channels.

A method of cooling a liner in a plasma chamber. A recycle gas is contacted with or passed through the liner to cool the liner and pre-heat the recycle gas. The pre-heated gas is then recycled through the plasma chamber to become part of the plasma forming process. The method further comprises the liner is graphite, the recycle gas passes through at least one cooling channel present in the liner, at least one of the cooling channels are covered with at least one removable liner/channel cover, carbon deposits are formed from the presence of hydrocarbons in the recycle gas, at least one channel is formed in a spiral cooling channel pattern, at least one channel is formed in a substantially straight cooling channel pattern, and a plenum to aid in the production of an even distribution of cooling gas in the channels.

A condensation heat exchanger including at least one helically-coiled tube, inside which a fluid to be heated can circulate, a deflector, and a shell mounted inside which the tube, the shell having a gas-discharge sleeve having a bottom and a facade for feeding and/or producing a hot gas, inside the shell. The shell comprises a tubular metallic shroud closed at its two ends by a facade and a bottom, wherein the bottom is made of composite plastic, the rear edge of the shroud has a plurality of fastening tongues, the bottom has, at its periphery, a plurality of fastening slots arranged along at least part of its circumference, each fastening slot bordered longitudinally by a first longitudinal rib projecting outwardly, and wherein each fastening tongue is inserted into a fastening slot and folded twice around the first rib.

There is provided a thermal management apparatus for use with a vehicle comprising: a chassis in thermal contact with one or more first components that require thermal management and one or more second components that require thermal management, wherein the chassis is configured to transfer heat from the one or more first components to the one or more second components.

There is provided a thermal management apparatus for use with a vehicle comprising: a chassis in thermal contact with one or more first components that require thermal management and one or more second components that require thermal management, wherein the chassis is configured to transfer heat from the one or more first components to the one or more second components.

A heat exchanger includes a heat transfer portion configured as a heat exchange flow path and an inlet/outlet formation portion provided with an inlet/outlet. The heat transfer portion includes a hollow interior portion. An interior of the inlet/outlet formation portion is connected to the heat exchange flow path. Heat exchange is performed between the medium passing through the heat exchange flow path and a heat exchange target member arranged on an outer surface of the heat transfer portion. At least a part of the outer surface of the heat transfer portion is configured by a coating sheet formed of a laminate material in which a resin coating layer is provided on at least one surface side of a metal heat transfer layer. An external thickness of the inlet/outlet formation portion is formed to be thicker than an external thickness of the heat transfer portion.

A heat exchanger includes a heat transfer portion configured as a heat exchange flow path and an inlet/outlet formation portion provided with an inlet/outlet. The heat transfer portion includes a hollow interior portion. An interior of the inlet/outlet formation portion is connected to the heat exchange flow path. Heat exchange is performed between the medium passing through the heat exchange flow path and a heat exchange target member arranged on an outer surface of the heat transfer portion. At least a part of the outer surface of the heat transfer portion is configured by a coating sheet formed of a laminate material in which a resin coating layer is provided on at least one surface side of a metal heat transfer layer. An external thickness of the inlet/outlet formation portion is formed to be thicker than an external thickness of the heat transfer portion.

A shell-and-plate heat exchanger includes: a shell that forms an internal space and includes a refrigerant outlet at a top of the shell; and a plate stack disposed in the internal space and that includes heat transfer plates that are stacked and joined together. The shell-and-plate heat exchanger is configured to allow a refrigerant that has flowed into the internal space to evaporate. The refrigerant outlet emits a gas refrigerant out of the internal space through the refrigerant outlet. The plate stack forms: refrigerant channels that communicate with the internal space and through which a refrigerant flows; and heating medium channels that are blocked from the internal space and through which a heating medium flows. Each of the refrigerant channels is adjacent to an associated one of the heating medium channels with one of the heat transfer plates interposed therebetween.

A shell-and-plate heat exchanger includes: a shell that forms an internal space and includes a refrigerant outlet at a top of the shell; and a plate stack disposed in the internal space and that includes heat transfer plates that are stacked and joined together. The shell-and-plate heat exchanger is configured to allow a refrigerant that has flowed into the internal space to evaporate. The refrigerant outlet emits a gas refrigerant out of the internal space through the refrigerant outlet. The plate stack forms: refrigerant channels that communicate with the internal space and through which a refrigerant flows; and heating medium channels that are blocked from the internal space and through which a heating medium flows. Each of the refrigerant channels is adjacent to an associated one of the heating medium channels with one of the heat transfer plates interposed therebetween.