Some embodiments of the invention may relate to an optical surveying device having a base for setting up the surveying device and a targeting unit, which is rotatable in relation to the base about two axes, and which defines a target axis or targeting a target object to be surveyed. In some embodiments, the targeting unit has a first beam path for emitting optical radiation in the direction of the target object to be surveyed and a second beam path for receiving a component of the optical radiation, which is reflected from the target object, by way of an optoelectronic receiving element. In some embodiments, at least one of the beam paths, has an optical element, which is implemented having an optically transparent, deformable volume body, and which has at least one interface toward a medium having an optical index of refraction deviating from the volume body.

A posture calculation device of working machinery includes: a measuring device configured to detect an angle speed and acceleration; a posture angle calculation unit configured to obtain a posture angle of the working machinery from the detected angle speed and the detected acceleration; a first complementary filter to which a first cutoff frequency is set and configured to decrease a noise included in the obtained posture angle to output a first posture angle; a second complementary filter to which a second cutoff frequency different from the first cutoff frequency is set and configured to decrease a noise included in the obtained posture angle to output a second posture angle; and a switching unit configured to switch between the first posture angle and the second posture angle to output the first posture angle or the second posture angle according to a state of the measuring device.

A posture calculation device of working machinery includes: a measuring device configured to detect an angle speed and acceleration; a posture angle calculation unit configured to obtain a posture angle of the working machinery from the detected angle speed and the detected acceleration; a first complementary filter to which a first cutoff frequency is set and configured to decrease a noise included in the obtained posture angle to output a first posture angle; a second complementary filter to which a second cutoff frequency different from the first cutoff frequency is set and configured to decrease a noise included in the obtained posture angle to output a second posture angle; and a switching unit configured to switch between the first posture angle and the second posture angle to output the first posture angle or the second posture angle according to a state of the measuring device.

It is premised that a surveying instrument at least includes an elevation angle measuring part 30 measuring an elevation angle relative to an object to be measured. Under this premise, the surveying instrument includes an error detecting part 35, 54, 55 detecting a vertical-axis error Δθ reflected in an elevation angle measured by the elevation angle measuring part 30 and a correction processing part 50 receiving an elevation angle measured by the elevation angle measuring part 30 and outputting as an elevation angle an angle acquired by cancelling the vertical-axis error Δθ detected by the error detecting part 35, 54, 55 form the elevation angle.

It is premised that a surveying instrument at least includes an elevation angle measuring part 30 measuring an elevation angle relative to an object to be measured. Under this premise, the surveying instrument includes an error detecting part 35, 54, 55 detecting a vertical-axis error Δθ reflected in an elevation angle measured by the elevation angle measuring part 30 and a correction processing part 50 receiving an elevation angle measured by the elevation angle measuring part 30 and outputting as an elevation angle an angle acquired by cancelling the vertical-axis error Δθ detected by the error detecting part 35, 54, 55 form the elevation angle.

A targeting method comprising the steps of determining a bearing to a target from an observer using first and second independent techniques; comparing the bearings as determined by the first and second independent techniques and determining whether the bearings are accurate; and if the bearing is deemed to be accurate; measuring a range from the observer to the target; and calculating the position the target based on the verified bearing and range from the observer's position. The bearing can be measured by using a magnetometer, and cross-checked or verified using calculations based on three-dimensional satellite cartography data. The range to the target can be cross-checked, as can the position and viewpoint of the observer.

A method for determining a yaw angle estimate or vehicle heading direction is presented. A potential range of yaw angles is generated based on a plurality of primary telematics data. One or more yaw angle estimates are generated from the potential range of yaw angles. A driving pattern is determined based on at least one of the yaw angle estimates. The primary telematics data is a plurality of telematics data originated from a client computing device. The effects of gravity have been removed from the plurality of telematics data in a first primary movement window.

Measurement method where a code projection which is dependent on a three-dimensional position of a code carrier relative to a sensor arrangement is generated on a sensor arrangement, and at least part of the code projection is captured. An angular position of the code carrier with reference to the defined axis of rotation is ascertained and a current measurement position of the measurement component relative to a base is determined, wherein, a position value for at least one further degree of freedom of the code carrier relative to the sensor arrangement is ascertained on the basis of the code projection and is taken into account to determine the current measurement position, and a relative position of the connecting element with respect to the holder and/or the deformation thereof is determined from the position value in the form of a change in shape or size.

Measurement method where a code projection which is dependent on a three-dimensional position of a code carrier relative to a sensor arrangement is generated on a sensor arrangement, and at least part of the code projection is captured. An angular position of the code carrier with reference to the defined axis of rotation is ascertained and a current measurement position of the measurement component relative to a base is determined, wherein, a position value for at least one further degree of freedom of the code carrier relative to the sensor arrangement is ascertained on the basis of the code projection and is taken into account to determine the current measurement position, and a relative position of the connecting element with respect to the holder and/or the deformation thereof is determined from the position value in the form of a change in shape or size.

A light source measurement apparatus includes an objective lens that collects light emitted from a light source having a plurality of light emission points, a first reflection attenuation filter, a second reflection attenuation filter, a condensing lens, a space filter, and a movable stage, in which the first reflection attenuation filter and the second reflection attenuation filter are disposed such that polarization directions are orthogonal to each other, in which the space filter has an opening through which light emitted from a measurement target light emission point among the plurality of light emission points is transmitted, and in which the opening has a shape in which a dimension of the measurement target light emission point in a fast direction is larger than a dimension of the measurement target light emission point in a slow direction.