A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array, an error correction code (ECC) engine, a refresh control circuit, a scrubbing control circuit and a control logic circuit. The refresh control circuit generates refresh row addresses for refreshing a memory region on memory cell rows in response to a first command received from a memory controller. The scrubbing control circuit counts the refresh row addresses and generates a scrubbing address for performing a scrubbing operation on a first memory cell row of the memory cell rows whenever the scrubbing control circuit counts N refresh row addresses of the refresh row addresses. The ECC engine reads first data corresponding to a first codeword, from at least one sub-page in the first memory cell row, corrects at least one error bit in the first codeword and writes back the corrected first codeword in a corresponding memory location.

A sensor surveillance system (100) and a method for determining possible geographic positions of at least one assumed undetected target (1a-n) within a geographic volume of interest (200) is provided, wherein for a first point in time ti the following steps are performed: dividing the geographic volume of interest (200) into sections (10); assuming the existence of an assumed undetected target (1a-n) at a geographic position within each section (10); and initiating the creation of a pattern (2) defining at least one possible geographic position of the assumed undetected target, said pattern extends at least partially around the geographic position of the assumed undetected target (1a-n); wherein the geographic extension of said pattern is determined based on: the category of the assumed undetected target (1a-n); and the amount of time that has passed from the first point in time t1. Further, for a second point in time t2 the following steps are performed: determining geographic locations (205) within said geographic volume of interest (200) from where sensor signals show absence of targets; and removing the pattern (2) from the geographic locations (205) from where sensor signals show absence of targets.

Products and processes for measuring crop and pasture surface profile which may be used to measure the average surface profile of crop and pasture foliage around stationary measurement devices.

A device designed for the three-dimensional geometrical detection of an environment includes at least one inertial measurement system for provisionally calculating a trajectory of the detection device. The device is calibrated by steps of: (a) positioning and/or orienting the detection device in a position and/or orientation with respect to at least one reference point characterized by at least one predefined relative coordinate, or determining at least one relative coordinate which characterizes the position and/or the orientation of the detection device relative to at least one reference point; (b) determining at least one error variable which characterizes the deviation of the relative coordinate in accordance with step (a) from the relative coordinate(s) provisionally calculated by the inertial measurement system; and (c) if the error variable fulfills a predefined correction criterion, correcting the provisional trajectory.

The present invention defines a method of determining a vertical profile signal of a rail surface that includes, obtaining a vertical acceleration signal acc.sub.1, by measuring vertical acceleration of a bogie of a rail vehicle that runs on the rail surface; processing the vertical acceleration signal to obtain a vertical velocity signal; determining the vertical profile signal of the rail surface, by using the vertical acceleration signal and the vertical velocity signal as inputs to a simulation model of the bogie, the model having an unsprung mass connected to a sprung mass, the vertical acceleration signal acc.sub.1 represents the vertical acceleration of the unsprung mass; and measuring a linear velocity signal of the rail vehicle, the linear velocity signal is used in the step of determining to convert the vertical profile signal from the time domain to the distance domain.

The present invention defines a method of determining a vertical profile signal of a rail surface that includes, obtaining a vertical acceleration signal acc.sub.1, by measuring vertical acceleration of a bogie of a rail vehicle that runs on the rail surface; processing the vertical acceleration signal to obtain a vertical velocity signal; determining the vertical profile signal of the rail surface, by using the vertical acceleration signal and the vertical velocity signal as inputs to a simulation model of the bogie, the model having an unsprung mass connected to a sprung mass, the vertical acceleration signal acc.sub.1 represents the vertical acceleration of the unsprung mass; and measuring a linear velocity signal of the rail vehicle, the linear velocity signal is used in the step of determining to convert the vertical profile signal from the time domain to the distance domain.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for profiling a surface. In some embodiments, the systems and methods perform profiling using a robotic vehicle. The vehicle can include a drive system, one or more wheel encoders, and one or more distance sensors and/or inertial measurement units for capturing measurement data, such as the slope of the surface or the angle of the robotic vehicle relative to the surface or the gravity vector. A control computing system is included having one or more processors that execute instructions stored in software modules to process movement data. In some embodiments, the processed movement data determines a plurality of snapshots of the surface at different times and positions as the robotic vehicle traverses the surface. These snapshots are combined to generate a profile of the surface.

In a method of operating a dimensioning system with a plurality of laser scanners, a processor controls the operations of the scanners and processes the scanner signals, and further with memory for storing data delivered by the processor, the data acquired by the dimensioning system in its regular mode of operation are used to construct a three-dimensional model of surface points of the object including spatial coordinates and image intensity for each surface point. The three-dimensional model is stored in the memory. Based on the three-dimensional model, two-dimensional images from any desired viewing angle that was exposed to the scanner rays can be produced on demand to document the appearance of the object at the time the scan was taken.

In a method of operating a dimensioning system with a plurality of laser scanners, a processor controls the operations of the scanners and processes the scanner signals, and further with memory for storing data delivered by the processor, the data acquired by the dimensioning system in its regular mode of operation are used to construct a three-dimensional model of surface points of the object including spatial coordinates and image intensity for each surface point. The three-dimensional model is stored in the memory. Based on the three-dimensional model, two-dimensional images from any desired viewing angle that was exposed to the scanner rays can be produced on demand to document the appearance of the object at the time the scan was taken.

The present disclosure illustrates a three-dimensional trace verification apparatus and method thereof. The three-dimensional trace verification apparatus includes a signal emitting module and a platform module configured to maintain a fixed relative location. When a motion trace of the platform module is different from a pre-recorded trace of a trace transmitting module, the trace transmitting outputs a deviation signal according to a sensed signal. This mechanism can achieve a technical effect of automatically verifying whether the motion trace of the platform module and the pre-record trace made by a user are the same, and recording the error.