A system for determining an exhaust flow rate of an exhaust gas produced by an engine comprises a first sensor configured to measure an amount of NOx gases in the exhaust gas. A controller is communicatively coupled to the first sensor. The controller is configured to receive a first sensor signal from the first sensor. The controller is also configured to receive a fuel rate signal corresponding to a rate of fuel consumption by the engine. The controller is configured to determine an air-fuel ratio from the first sensor signal and determine a fuel rate from the fuel rate signal. Furthermore, the controller is configured to determine the exhaust flow rate from the air-fuel ratio and the fuel rate.

A system for determining an exhaust flow rate of an exhaust gas produced by an engine comprises a first sensor configured to measure an amount of NOx gases in the exhaust gas. A controller is communicatively coupled to the first sensor. The controller is configured to receive a first sensor signal from the first sensor. The controller is also configured to receive a fuel rate signal corresponding to a rate of fuel consumption by the engine. The controller is configured to determine an air-fuel ratio from the first sensor signal and determine a fuel rate from the fuel rate signal. Furthermore, the controller is configured to determine the exhaust flow rate from the air-fuel ratio and the fuel rate.

Various embodiments are directed to a fluid composition sensor device and method of using the same. In various embodiments, the fluid flow composition sensor is configured to receive a volume of fluid, the fluid composition sensor comprising a housing, a removable fluid flow component, an impactor nozzle, a collection media assembly dock element configured to receive a replaceable collection media assembly comprising a collection media configured to receive one or more particles within the volume of fluid, an imaging device configured to capture an image of at least a portion of the one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor, and a controller configured to determine, based at least in part on the image, at least one particle characteristic of the volume of fluid. The imaging device may be configured to capture the image of one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor using lensless holography.

A method collects data during operation of a local sensor as a component of a supply network for distributing a consumable. The supply network contains a master in communication with the local sensor via a primary communication path. The sensor contains a measuring element which supplies, as raw measurement data, elementary measurement units. A wired primary communication path is provided between the sensor and the master. To define the measurement resolution of the sensor, the conditions for generating time stamps are defined in advance using a correlation model. The time stamps of successive items of raw measurement data are generated in the sensor on the basis of the correlation model. The time stamps are transmitted via the primary communication path so that the raw measurement data acquired by the measuring element is reconstructed using the correlation model on the basis of the time stamps received by the master, and analyzed.

Various embodiments are directed to a fluid composition sensor device and method of using the same. In various embodiments, the fluid flow composition sensor is configured to receive a volume of fluid, the fluid composition sensor comprising a housing, a removable fluid flow component, an impactor nozzle, a collection media assembly dock element configured to receive a replaceable collection media assembly comprising a collection media configured to receive one or more particles within the volume of fluid, an imaging device configured to capture an image of at least a portion of the one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor, and a controller configured to determine, based at least in part on the image, at least one particle characteristic of the volume of fluid. The imaging device may be configured to capture the image of one or more particles received by the fluid composition sensor using lensless holography.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for controlling an operation of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of vaporization energy required to vaporize an amount of liquid stored in a reservoir of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of atomizer power that is delivered to an atomizer associated with the electronic cigarette over a period of time. The method can include determining an amount of liquid remaining in the reservoir of the electronic cigarette, based on a comparison between the total amount of vaporization energy and the total amount of atomizer power delivered to the atomizer over the period of time.

A computer system includes a memory with instructions to receive telematics data regarding a vehicle, analyze the telematics data to determine a low fuel condition based on the fuel of the vehicle violating a predetermined threshold, and determine a location of the vehicle based on at least one of the telematics data. The instructions, in response to determining the low fuel condition, further identify one or more fuel dispensing stations in proximity to the location of the vehicle, provide information related to the one or more fuel dispensing stations to a mobile application displayed to a driver of the vehicle, and determine a scope of fueling permissions associated with the vehicle at the one of the one or more fuel dispensing stations. The instructions also automatically initiate a fueling session at the one of the one or more fuel dispensing stations contingent upon the scope of fueling permission.

A computer system includes a memory with instructions to receive telematics data regarding a vehicle, analyze the telematics data to determine a low fuel condition based on the fuel of the vehicle violating a predetermined threshold, and determine a location of the vehicle based on at least one of the telematics data. The instructions, in response to determining the low fuel condition, further identify one or more fuel dispensing stations in proximity to the location of the vehicle, provide information related to the one or more fuel dispensing stations to a mobile application displayed to a driver of the vehicle, and determine a scope of fueling permissions associated with the vehicle at the one of the one or more fuel dispensing stations. The instructions also automatically initiate a fueling session at the one of the one or more fuel dispensing stations contingent upon the scope of fueling permission.

A weigh belt assembly includes a weigh belt that has first and second spaced apart rollers and an endless belt trained around the rollers to present a belt run configured to support particulate material. The rollers each have a rotational axis. The assembly also includes a belt drive operably coupled with at least one of the rollers for rotation thereof in order to move the belt run in a direction toward the second roller. The assembly also includes apparatus for delivery of quantities of particulate material onto the moving belt run at a position between the first and second rollers. The assembly further comprises a pivot assembly including a shiftable component operably coupled with the weigh belt in order to permit pivoting and downward deflection of the weigh belt under the load of the particulate material deposited on the belt run. A device for measuring the load experienced by the weigh belt during the deflection thereof is provided. A method of determining the flow rate of a particulate material and/or the total weight of material delivered using a weigh belt is also disclosed.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for controlling an operation of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of vaporization energy required to vaporize an amount of liquid stored in a reservoir of an electronic cigarette. The method can include determining a total amount of atomizer power that is delivered to an atomizer associated with the electronic cigarette over a period of time. The method can include determining an amount of liquid remaining in the reservoir of the electronic cigarette, based on a comparison between the total amount of vaporization energy and the total amount of atomizer power delivered to the atomizer over the period of time.