In one aspect, a system for monitoring crop fill-levels of transport receptacles includes a crop transport receptacle defining a storage volume configured to receive harvested crops, and a plurality of switch-based fill-level sensors positioned within the storage volume of the crop transport receptacle. The fill-level sensors are arranged in a sensor array such that each fill-level sensor is spaced apart both vertically and horizontally relative to one or more other fill-level sensors of the plurality of fill-level sensors. In addition, the system includes a computing system communicatively coupled to the plurality of fill-level sensors, with the computing system being configured to monitor a fill-level of the crop transport receptacle based on data derived from the plurality of fill-level sensors.

Apparatus (2) for sensing at least one parameter in water, which apparatus (2) comprises: (i) a conductivity sensor (6) for sensing conductivity in water; (ii) the conductivity sensor (6) is an electrode-based conductivity sensor having bare electrodes (12) which contact the water; (iii) there are at least four of the electrodes (12); (iv) the conductivity sensor (6) is fabricated on a substrate (14) using photolithography and etching; (v) the conductivity sensor (6) is an open cell sensor having a physically unconstrained electric field; (vi) the conductivity sensor (6) is of a dot construction comprising a dot and a surrounding formation; (vii) the conductivity sensor (6) has two electrodes which are for current stimulation and which geometrically bound and enclose another two electrodes which are for voltage sensing; and (viii) the conductivity sensor (6) is a laminar construction on the substrate (14).

Apparatus (2) for sensing at least one parameter in water, which apparatus (2) comprises: (i) a conductivity sensor (6) for sensing conductivity in water; (ii) the conductivity sensor (6) is an electrode-based conductivity sensor having bare electrodes (12) which contact the water; (iii) there are at least four of the electrodes (12); (iv) the conductivity sensor (6) is fabricated on a substrate (14) using photolithography and etching; (v) the conductivity sensor (6) is an open cell sensor having a physically unconstrained electric field; (vi) the conductivity sensor (6) is of a dot construction comprising a dot and a surrounding formation; (vii) the conductivity sensor (6) has two electrodes which are for current stimulation and which geometrically bound and enclose another two electrodes which are for voltage sensing; and (viii) the conductivity sensor (6) is a laminar construction on the substrate (14).

In a method for measuring the fill level of a fluid in a housing using an ultrasound sensor, detected multiple echoes in relation to a signal are reflected from a reference point and level echoes in relation to the signal reflected from the fluid level are evaluated in relation to their fluctuation width. The level echoes can be identified in this manner and the fill level determined from the transit times of the signals to the reference point and to the fluid level.

A low-pressure casting device is provided with a holding furnace, a stoke, a pressure control device and a molten-metal level sensor. The holding furnace holds molten metal. The stoke supplies molten metal into a casting mold via a sprue. The pressure control device moves the molten metal in the stoke and fills the molten metal in the casting mold. The molten-metal level sensor detects a surface level of the molten-metal in the stoke. The stoke has a lower end immersed in the molten metal in the holding furnace. The low-pressure casting device is configured to correct filling of the molten metal in the casting mold in a next casting based on the height of the molten metal surface detected by the molten-metal level sensor.

A low-pressure casting device is provided with a holding furnace, a stoke, a pressure control device and a molten-metal level sensor. The holding furnace holds molten metal. The stoke supplies molten metal into a casting mold via a sprue. The pressure control device moves the molten metal in the stoke and fills the molten metal in the casting mold. The molten-metal level sensor detects a surface level of the molten-metal in the stoke. The stoke has a lower end immersed in the molten metal in the holding furnace. The low-pressure casting device is configured to correct filling of the molten metal in the casting mold in a next casting based on the height of the molten metal surface detected by the molten-metal level sensor.

An alert system is disclosed providing motorists an alert in advance of flood areas being flooded. The disclosed system provides real-time information on water levels adjacent or on top of roadways. As water levels enter a gauge unit, a signal from the gauge unit is sent to trigger a warning light that motorists or pedestrians can see from the roadway before reaching an area of the roadway that maybe flooded. The embodiments disclosed may prevent loss of life and avoid costly automotive repairs due to water damage.

An alert system is disclosed providing motorists an alert in advance of flood areas being flooded. The disclosed system provides real-time information on water levels adjacent or on top of roadways. As water levels enter a gauge unit, a signal from the gauge unit is sent to trigger a warning light that motorists or pedestrians can see from the roadway before reaching an area of the roadway that maybe flooded. The embodiments disclosed may prevent loss of life and avoid costly automotive repairs due to water damage.

Vehicle fuel volume consumption estimation and accuracy analysis systems and methods are provided herein. An example method includes determining a fuel level percentage estimate or a fuel volume estimate for a vehicle at a first point in time and a second point in time for a trip, the fuel level percentage estimate or the fuel volume estimate being determined using a fuel tank model of a fuel tank of a vehicle, determining connected vehicle data that includes a determination of accumulated fuel consumed during the trip, and determining an accuracy of fuel tank model using the fuel level percentage estimate or the fuel volume estimate calculated at the first point in time and the second point in time, as well as the accumulated fuel consumed during the trip.

Vehicle fuel volume consumption estimation and accuracy analysis systems and methods are provided herein. An example method includes determining a fuel level percentage estimate or a fuel volume estimate for a vehicle at a first point in time and a second point in time for a trip, the fuel level percentage estimate or the fuel volume estimate being determined using a fuel tank model of a fuel tank of a vehicle, determining connected vehicle data that includes a determination of accumulated fuel consumed during the trip, and determining an accuracy of fuel tank model using the fuel level percentage estimate or the fuel volume estimate calculated at the first point in time and the second point in time, as well as the accumulated fuel consumed during the trip.