Vehicle fuel volume consumption estimation and accuracy analysis systems and methods are provided herein. An example method includes determining a fuel level percentage estimate or a fuel volume estimate for a vehicle at a first point in time and a second point in time for a trip, the fuel level percentage estimate or the fuel volume estimate being determined using a fuel tank model of a fuel tank of a vehicle, determining connected vehicle data that includes a determination of accumulated fuel consumed during the trip, and determining an accuracy of fuel tank model using the fuel level percentage estimate or the fuel volume estimate calculated at the first point in time and the second point in time, as well as the accumulated fuel consumed during the trip.

A non-contacting deviation measurement system projects a first line and a second line upon a surface of an object. The projections of the first line and second line are arranged to overlap at an intersection line oriented at a nominal location such that when the surface is oriented at the nominal location, the intersection line appears on the surface. As the location of the surface deviates from the nominal location, the first line and second line as projected upon the surface move away from one another. The distance between the lines may be used to calculate the deviation from the nominal location. The deviation calculated may be compared to a predetermined maximum allowable deviation.

For the functional testing of an arrangement for dynamic fuel consumption measurement, at least two reference flows are produced through successive operation, at different frequencies, of a system pump (6) provided in any case for the regulated fuel flow, and the gradient determined from the reference measured values obtained is compared with the known gradients of the characteristic curve of the system pump (6).

Thermal flow measuring device (1), especially for determining and/or monitoring the mass flow (Φ.sub.M) and/or the flow velocity (v.sub.F) of a flowable medium (3) through a pipeline (2), comprising at least three sensor elements (4a,4b,4c) and an electronics unit (9), wherein each of the at least three sensor elements (4a,4b,4c) is at least partially and/or at times in thermal contact with the medium (3), and includes a heatable temperature sensor (5a,5b,5c), and wherein the electronics unit (9) is embodied to heat each of the three sensor elements (4a,4b,4c) with a heating power (P1,P2,P3), to register their temperatures (T1,T2,T3), to heat at least two of the at least three sensor elements (4a,4b,4c) simultaneously, to ascertain the mass flow (Φ.sub.M) and/or the flow velocity (v.sub.F) of the medium (3), from a pairwise comparison of the temperatures (T1,T2,T3) and/or heating powers (P1,P2,P3) of the at least three sensor elements (4a,4b,4c) and/or at least one variable derived from at least one of the temperatures (T1,T2,T3) and/or heating powers (P1,P2,P3), to provide information concerning a change of the thermal resistance of at least one of the at least three sensor elements (4a,4b,4c), from a response to an abrupt change ΔP of the heating power supplied to at least one of the at least three sensor elements, to provide information concerning a change of the inner thermal resistance of the at least one sensor element, and in the case that a change of the inner and/or outer thermal resistance occurs in the case of at least one of the at least three sensor elements (4a,4b,4c), to perform a correction of the measured value for the mass flow (Φ.sub.M) and/or the flow velocity (v.sub.F) and/or to generate and to output a report concerning the state of the at least one sensor element mass flow (Φ.sub.M) and/or the flow velocity (v.sub.F).

Flow measurement of hydrogen density, volumetric concentrations, and longitudinal relaxation times and transverse relaxation times have all n components in pairs different to each other. The method has the steps of: enclosing a mixture inside a probe volume and polarizing the mixture with a magnetic field; measuring the mixture enclosed inside the probe volume in terms of its longitudinal or transverse relaxation behaviour by means of pulsed electromagnetic waves at least n times with a different volumetric share of its components to measure at least n different relaxation curves; obtaining the relaxation times from the relaxation curves; obtaining the thermal equilibrium magnetizations M.sub.0 of the individual components from the relaxation curves; and correlating yielded thermal equilibrium magnetizations M.sub.0 of the individual components to calculate the hydrogen densities and the volumetric share of the components for each relaxation curve.

A monitoring system for monitoring a liquid handling system may comprise at least one liquid level sensor and/or at least one gateway computer. The at least one liquid level sensor may be configured to monitor at least one liquid level of at least one liquid handling element. The at least one gateway computer may be in communication with the at least one liquid level sensor. The at least one gateway computer may be configured to receive sensor readings, report information describing the readings, identify at least one rule-triggering event, and perform an action in response to identifying the at least one rule-triggering event in accordance with at least one rule.

Methods and systems are provided for diagnosing fuel level indicators in a saddle fuel tank. In one example, a method may include determining degradation of each of the first and the second fuel level indicators included in a first compartment and a second compartment of a saddle tank based on a correlation between changes in fuel tank pressure during the refueling event and an indication by the fuel level indicators of the first and the second compartment reaching full capacity.

The invention relates to a method and to a device for calibrating a pump (1) provided in a pump line (6), the device comprising an actuator (2) for setting the pumping capacity of the pump (1), and a control unit (3). The device comprises a flow monitor (4) in the fuel line (6). The control unit (3) is designed to substantially steadily vary the controlled variable of the actuator (2), when starting the pump (1), up to the switch point (SP) of the flow monitor (4), and to ascertain and store a controlled variable associated with the respective switch point (SP), to ascertain a controlled variable difference value (Δf) between a reference controlled variable (fR) stored for the pump (1) and the flow monitor (4) and a calibration controlled variable (fK) ascertained during the calibration, and to calibrate the controlled variable of the actuator (2) of the pump (1) based on the controlled variable difference value (Δf).

A transformer internal composite defect fuzzy diagnosis method based on gas dissolved in oil, comprising: a step of acquiring monitoring data of volume concentrations of five types of monitored feature gas; a step of determining ratio codes; a step of modifying a three-ratio method; a step of fuzzifying a boundary range; a step of calculating probabilities of the ratio codes; a step of calculating a probability of occurrence of each defect fault; and finally obtaining a fault type of a transformer. The method has the beneficial effects that: the method is simple and easy to achieve, and particularly suitable for being applied to an on-line transformer state monitoring system; based on a concept of fuzzy logic, diagnosis of composite defects of the transformer under a complicated state and evaluation of the degree of severity can be achieved, and the problem of sudden change caused by criterion boundary absolutisation can be effectively avoided; and multi-feature information such as an attention value and a ratio of the gas dissolved in the oil are merged and analysed, thereby effectively improving the diagnosis reliability.

A transformer internal composite defect fuzzy diagnosis method based on gas dissolved in oil, comprising: a step of acquiring monitoring data of volume concentrations of five types of monitored feature gas; a step of determining ratio codes; a step of modifying a three-ratio method; a step of fuzzifying a boundary range; a step of calculating probabilities of the ratio codes; a step of calculating a probability of occurrence of each defect fault; and finally obtaining a fault type of a transformer. The method has the beneficial effects that: the method is simple and easy to achieve, and particularly suitable for being applied to an on-line transformer state monitoring system; based on a concept of fuzzy logic, diagnosis of composite defects of the transformer under a complicated state and evaluation of the degree of severity can be achieved, and the problem of sudden change caused by criterion boundary absolutisation can be effectively avoided; and multi-feature information such as an attention value and a ratio of the gas dissolved in the oil are merged and analysed, thereby effectively improving the diagnosis reliability.