A method for retrieving a corrected spectrum from a measured spectrum (e.g., retrieving a top-of-water spectrum from a measured top-of-atmosphere spectrum) includes creating a scene-specific model of a region of interest and performing a ray-tracing simulation to simulate rays of light that would reach an airborne (or spaceborne) sensor. The region of interest can be an optically complex area such as an inland or coastal body of water. Based on the ray-tracing simulation, a scene-specific correction for unwanted effects (e.g., adjacency effects, variable atmospheric conditions, and/or other suitable effects) is obtained. A corrected spectrum is obtained by correcting the measured spectrum using the scene-specific correction. The ray-tracing simulation may be performed using a graphical processing unit, allowing the scene-specific correction to be performed in real time or near real time.

A receiver receives a wide band signal in a range comprising a front end to the receiver including a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). The CMOS includes a dipole antenna that receives a received signal; a hybrid-based broadband isolation structure that receives the received signal and a local oscillator LO signal and passes through the LO signal to a sub-harmonic mixer. The sub-harmonic mixer mixes the received signal with the local oscillator signal to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) signal to the hybrid-based broadband isolation structure.

Novel systems and methods for performing treatment (e.g., coloration) of keratinous fibers are disclosed. The methods and systems utilize one or more of a dispensing device which is configured to provide customized composition for treating keratinous fibers (e.g., a coloring composition), optionally formed from tablets; an optical reader, for obtaining sufficient characteristics of the keratinous fibers to make a realistic prediction of the outcome of a treatment (e.g., coloring treatment); a computational units for predicting an outcome of a treatment, optionally being interfaced with the dispensing device and for selecting a customized treatment; and tablet formulations which are useful in preparing customized composition for treating keratinous fibers. Further disclosed are rapidly disintegrating tablets for use in the preparation of compositions for treating keratinous fibers.

The invention is directed at a miniature grism system. The miniature grism system is a single compact device that comprises a grism with collimating and focusing optics. In an aspect, the grism includes at least one prism and a grating. In an aspect, the miniature grism system, and more specifically the grism, includes at least one prism which is placed on either side of the grating. The focusing optics and the collimating optics are found on opposite sides of the grism system, sandwiching the prism and grating of the grism. In an aspect, the miniature grism system is configured to be retained within a filter wheel. The miniature grism system is configured to be used with telescopes having a small focal ratio.

Methods, apparatuses and systems for detecting multiple gaseous substances for detecting a plurality of target gaseous substances or chemical compositions, using, for example, a high-speed, tunable gas detecting apparatus. An example gas detecting apparatus may comprise: a light source configured to generate a light beam, a moveable mirror component configured to move between a plurality of positions, wherein each position of the moveable mirror component is associated with a narrow band corresponding with a gas absorption frequency range of a target gaseous substance or chemical composition, at least one optical component configured to condition an output light beam of the moveable mirror component, wherein a measurable attenuated optical signal is generated responsive to exposing a sample gaseous substance to the conditioned output light beam.

A tunable spectral filter includes a first tunable dispersive element, a first optical element, a spatial filtering element located at the focal plane, a second optical element, and a second dispersive element. The first tunable dispersive element introduces spectral dispersion to an illumination beam with an adjustable dispersion. The first optical element focuses the illumination beam at a focal plane in which a distribution of a spectrum of the spectrally-dispersed illumination beam at the focal plane is controllable by adjusting the dispersion of the first tunable dispersive element. The spatial filtering element filters the spectrum of the illumination beam based on the distribution of the spectrum of the illumination beam at the focal plane. The second optical element collects the spectrally-dispersed illumination beam transmitted from the spatial filtering element. The second tunable dispersive element removes the dispersion introduced by the first tunable dispersive element from the illumination beam.

A laser ablation tomography system includes a specimen stage for supporting a specimen. A specimen axis is defined such that a specimen disposed generally on the axis may be imaged. A laser system is operable to produce a laser sheet in a plane intersecting the specimen axis and generally perpendicular thereto. An imaging system is operable to image the area where the laser sheet intersects the specimen axis.

A laser ablation tomography system includes a specimen stage for supporting a specimen. A specimen axis is defined such that a specimen disposed generally on the axis may be imaged. A laser system is operable to produce a laser sheet in a plane intersecting the specimen axis and generally perpendicular thereto. An imaging system is operable to image the area where the laser sheet intersects the specimen axis.

Described herein is the use of a visible near infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging system as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Also described herein is the use of a VNIR hyperspectral imaging system in high throughput screening of potential therapeutics against AD.

Described herein is the use of a visible near infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging system as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Also described herein is the use of a VNIR hyperspectral imaging system in high throughput screening of potential therapeutics against AD.