Disclosed is a methodology for determination and prediction of heat exchanger fouling, such as polymer fouling in the circulation loop that forms part of the heat exchanger system. The buildup of a polymer or other undesired material deposit in the heat exchanger provides a distinctive temperature signature (thermal gradient) on the surface of the heat exchanger asset, which is visualized using a thermographic camera. Coupling images (thermograms) from the camera with a machine learning algorithm identifies fouling and, with knowledge of the historical data of the asset and operating and ambient conditions, enables prediction of future fouling. The thermal images provide several types, or orders, of temperature information that are indicative of locations vulnerable to fouling. In one case, the method uses machine learning applied to time-based temperature change/gradient information to detect hidden polymer fouling in areas that form part of the heat exchanger asset.

Disclosed is a methodology for determination and prediction of heat exchanger fouling, such as polymer fouling in the circulation loop that forms part of the heat exchanger system. The buildup of a polymer or other undesired material deposit in the heat exchanger provides a distinctive temperature signature (thermal gradient) on the surface of the heat exchanger asset, which is visualized using a thermographic camera. Coupling images (thermograms) from the camera with a machine learning algorithm identifies fouling and, with knowledge of the historical data of the asset and operating and ambient conditions, enables prediction of future fouling. The thermal images provide several types, or orders, of temperature information that are indicative of locations vulnerable to fouling. In one case, the method uses machine learning applied to time-based temperature change/gradient information to detect hidden polymer fouling in areas that form part of the heat exchanger asset.

According to one embodiment, a generation device acquires a plurality of images of a temperature distribution of a conveyance object. The images are generated by a thermal camera. The generation device sets a plurality of measurement areas in each of the images along a conveyance direction of the conveyance object. The generation device generates time-series data of temperature change over time for each of the plurality of measurement areas. The generation device generates a temperature profile of temperature change over time of the conveyance object by using a portion of temperatures extracted from the time-series data of the plurality of measurement areas.

An ear tag module includes a rod member, a spike, a circuit component, and a temperature sensor. The spike is disposed on one side of the rod member, and the circuit component is disposed on another side of the rod member. The temperature sensor is electrically connected to the circuit component. When the spike penetrates an ear, the ear is in contact with a sensing area of the rod member, and the temperature sensor is located in the rod member to detect a temperature of the ear and transmit at least one temperature sensing information to the circuit component.

A contactless inspection apparatus of a heat pipe and a method thereof are provided. The disclosure controls an infrared heating module to heat a heat pipe to be inspected based on a heating parameter, and controls an infrared temperature measurement module to collect a measurement temperature data of the heat pipe. The disclosure monitors a temperature slope of the measurement temperature data during a heating procedure, calculates a score based on the temperature slope when the temperature slope is converged to a stop slope, and determines a quality of the heat pipe based on the score. The disclosure may inspect a conductive quality of the heat pipe.

An image forming apparatus includes a housing and a first process cartridge. The first process cartridge is attachable to and detachable from the housing. The first process cartridge includes a first photosensitive drum, a first developing roller, and a developing frame. The developing frame has a toner inlet opening. A toner cartridge has a toner supply opening. The toner cartridge is positioned above the developing frame such that the toner supply opening and the toner inlet opening face with each other in upward/downward direction. In the state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is attached to the housing, the toner cartridge is incapable of being detached from the first process cartridge. In a state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is detached from the housing, the toner cartridge is detachable from the first process cartridge.

A thermal conductivity measuring device includes a sample holder, a light source designed to emit a pulse of light of a predetermined impulse energy, an optical system for directing the pulse of light in a light path onto the sample in the sample holder, an infrared sensor for time-dependent detection of an infrared radiation intensity emitted by the sample, and an evaluation unit designed to automatically calculate the thermal conductivity of the sample on the basis of the time-dependent infrared radiation intensity. In addition, the light source has a continuous wave laser that is designed to emit an intensity-modulated laser beam, the intensity of which is modulated with an intensity modulation frequency. The light source is arranged to emit the laser beam along a light path. The evaluation unit is designed to automatically calculate the thermal conductivity of the sample on the basis of the time-dependent infrared radiation intensity and the intensity-modulation frequency.

A thermometry apparatus used during hyperthermia therapy, which has a mat that can be used in combination with a non-invasive thermometry system. The mat has a top face and a bottom face. Between the top face and the bottom face are embedded wires. The wires provide skin and treatment head thermal information based on the thermal coefficient of resistance of the wires or via two metals in a thermocouple configuration. The mat is placed between the skin and an ultrasound head. The mat is flexible enough to conform to the patient’s body shape at the treatment point. The mat may be used in combination with an infrared camera, where at least one IR camera is pointed at a semi perpendicular angle to the mat, whereby the IR camera measures the temperature directly from the mat side and continually below the ultrasound head providing thermal depth measurements.

A scale composition determination device (10) determines that Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 has been generated in the outermost layer of a scale (SC) in the case where at least one of spectral emissivities at one wavelength and the other wavelength that are measured by radiometers for spectral emissivity measurement (21a, 21b) is not within a predetermined range including spectral emissivities of FeO at one wavelength and the other wavelength, and determines that Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 has not been generated in the outermost layer of the scale (SC) in the case where all of the spectral emissivities at one wavelength and the other wavelength that are measured by the radiometers for spectral emissivity measurement (21a, 21b) is within the predetermined range including the spectral emissivities of FeO at one wavelength and the other wavelength.

Improved techniques for quantification of detected gases are provided. In one example, a method includes receiving infrared radiation from a scene at a sensor array comprising first and second sets of infrared sensors associated with first and second wavelength ranges of the infrared radiation, respectively. The method also includes capturing first and second images by the first and second sets of infrared sensors, respectively. The method also includes detecting a background object in the first image. The method also includes tracking the background object to identify the background object in the second image. The method also includes updating a radiometric scene map with first and second radiometric values associated with the first and second images and correlated to a location of the background object in the scene. The method also includes performing gas quantification using the radiometric scene map. Additional systems and methods are also provided.