A temperature voltage generator includes a control voltage generation circuit configured to receive a reference voltage and to output a control voltage that changes according to temperature, a temperature voltage generation circuit configured to amplify the control voltage and to output a temperature voltage that changes according to temperature, and a linear compensation circuit connected to the control voltage generation circuit and configured to improve the linearity of the temperature voltage.

A method for trimming analog temperature sensors. First, raise a temperature of a temperature sensor to a highest temperature of a qualification temperature range. Then, trim the temperature sensor such that a high temperature code generated by the temperature sensor represents an actual temperature reported by the temperature sensor at the highest temperature. Next, lower the temperature of the temperature sensor to a lowest temperature of the qualification temperature range. Determine a slope error between the high temperature code and a low temperature code generated by the temperature sensor at the lowest temperature. Finally, determine a correction function that compensates for the slope error of measured temperature codes generated by the temperature sensor for temperatures across the qualification temperature range.

A method for trimming analog temperature sensors. First, raise a temperature of a temperature sensor to a highest temperature of a qualification temperature range. Then, trim the temperature sensor such that a high temperature code generated by the temperature sensor represents an actual temperature reported by the temperature sensor at the highest temperature. Next, lower the temperature of the temperature sensor to a lowest temperature of the qualification temperature range. Determine a slope error between the high temperature code and a low temperature code generated by the temperature sensor at the lowest temperature. Finally, determine a correction function that compensates for the slope error of measured temperature codes generated by the temperature sensor for temperatures across the qualification temperature range.

There is provided a semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum dot comprising a core made of a material and at least one shell made of another material. Also there is provided a composite comprising a plurality of such nanocrystals or quantum dots. Moreover, there is provided a method of measuring the temperature of an object or area, comprising using a temperature sensor comprising a semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum dot of the invention.

Devices and methods are provided for determining the temperature of an object. Such devices and methods incorporate first and second thermally conductive members, with a heating member associated with the first thermally conductive member. The second thermally conductive member is positionable adjacent to the object. The heating member is heated to a known temperature and a probe member is alternately brought into contact with the first and second thermally conductive members. When the probe member is in contact with one of the thermally conductive members, it will send an input to the controller. The controller compares the inputs to each other and, if they are not substantially equal, changes the temperature of the heating member, and the probe member is again alternately brought into contact with the thermally conductive members. When the inputs are substantially equal, the controller generates an output based on the temperature of the heating member.

A heat flux measurement system includes a first wire, a first heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the first wire, a second wire including a first end connected to the first wire at a position closer to a first end of the first wire than the first heat flux sensor in which the second wire is formed of the same material as that of the first wire, a second heat flux sensor singly provided in the middle of the second wire, a first detection unit detecting a voltage between opposite ends of the first wire, and a second detection unit detecting a voltage between the first end of the first wire and a second end of the second wire.

Provided is an aerosol generating apparatus including: a main body into which a cigarette is inserted; a first electrically conductive pattern provided on a portion of the main body to function as one of a heater for heating the cigarette and a temperature sensor for sensing a temperature of the cigarette; a second electrically conductive pattern provided on another portion of the main body to function as one of the heater and the temperature sensor; and a controller controlling the first electrically conductive pattern and the second electrically conductive pattern to make the first electrically conductive pattern and the second electrically conductive pattern function as one of the heater and the temperature sensor.

A temperature sensor (1) including: a temperature sensing element (3) including a temperature sensing portion (4) having an electrical characteristic which varies depending on temperature, and an electrode wire (5) for outputting an electrical signal from the temperature sensing portion (4); and a sheath core wire (signal wire) (15) electrically connected to the electrode wire (5). The electrode wire (5) is formed from a platinum-palladium-rhodium alloy containing Pt, Pd and Rh. The alloy contains a total of 0.1 to 1.2 mol % of at least one alkaline-earth metal selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr and Ba; 0.1 to 43.0 mol % of Pd; and 1.0 to 43.0 mol % of Rh, and the balance is Pt and incidental impurities. In the platinum-palladium-rhodium alloy, second-phase precipitated grains mainly containing Pt, Pd and the alkaline-earth metal are dispersed in a matrix phase.

A temperature sensor (1) including: a temperature sensing element (3) including a temperature sensing portion (4) having an electrical characteristic which varies depending on temperature, and an electrode wire (5) for outputting an electrical signal from the temperature sensing portion (4); and a sheath core wire (signal wire) (15) electrically connected to the electrode wire (5). The electrode wire (5) is formed from a platinum-palladium-rhodium alloy containing Pt, Pd and Rh. The alloy contains a total of 0.1 to 1.2 mol % of at least one alkaline-earth metal selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr and Ba; 0.1 to 43.0 mol % of Pd; and 1.0 to 43.0 mol % of Rh, and the balance is Pt and incidental impurities. In the platinum-palladium-rhodium alloy, second-phase precipitated grains mainly containing Pt, Pd and the alkaline-earth metal are dispersed in a matrix phase.

An integrated circuit counter includes a segmented thermometer coding counter architecture that reaches the thermodynamic energy minimum for a forward/reverse counting operation, requiring only one write or one erase operation per count so that energy consumption can be minimized, and circuit endurance maximized.