A temperature sensor for a battery cell of a rechargeable battery is described, and includes a resistive sensing element, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The resistive sensing element, the first electrode, and the second electrode are affixed to a porous separator. The porous separator is interposed between an anode and a cathode of the battery cell. The resistive sensing element is electrically connected in series between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the resistive sensing element, the first electrode and the second electrode are affixed onto the separator as film layers, and are porous.

A temperature sensor for a battery cell of a rechargeable battery is described, and includes a resistive sensing element, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The resistive sensing element, the first electrode, and the second electrode are affixed to a porous separator. The porous separator is interposed between an anode and a cathode of the battery cell. The resistive sensing element is electrically connected in series between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the resistive sensing element, the first electrode and the second electrode are affixed onto the separator as film layers, and are porous.

A method for monitoring a curing process of a cured-in-place pipe is disclosed. The method includes affixing a plurality of sensors to a resin layer of a liner, and determining a curing profile corresponding to at least the resin layer, the curing profile including a threshold curing value. The method further includes sensing, using the plurality of sensors, real-time data indicative of at least one curing parameter. Additionally, the method includes comparing the real-time data from each sensor to the threshold curing value, and outputting an alert upon the real-time data meeting or exceeding the threshold curing value.

A method for monitoring a curing process of a cured-in-place pipe is disclosed. The method includes affixing a plurality of sensors to a resin layer of a liner, and determining a curing profile corresponding to at least the resin layer, the curing profile including a threshold curing value. The method further includes sensing, using the plurality of sensors, real-time data indicative of at least one curing parameter. Additionally, the method includes comparing the real-time data from each sensor to the threshold curing value, and outputting an alert upon the real-time data meeting or exceeding the threshold curing value.

A processing apparatus acquires a first rise transition that is a rise transition of the temperature of a winding and a second rise transition that is a rise transition of the temperature detected by a temperature sensor in a state where voltage application for raising the temperature of the winding to a predetermined temperature is performed, determines a predetermined temperature characteristic model by calculating a predetermined parameter on the basis of the second rise transition, and further determines a winding temperature characteristic model by calculating a winding related parameter on the basis of the first rise transition.

A processing apparatus acquires a first rise transition that is a rise transition of the temperature of a winding and a second rise transition that is a rise transition of the temperature detected by a temperature sensor in a state where voltage application for raising the temperature of the winding to a predetermined temperature is performed, determines a predetermined temperature characteristic model by calculating a predetermined parameter on the basis of the second rise transition, and further determines a winding temperature characteristic model by calculating a winding related parameter on the basis of the first rise transition.

A temperature control device includes a first tank that stores a first heat medium; a second tank that stores a second heat medium having a temperature different from a temperature of the first heat medium, and a first communication pipe configured to connect a position where an upper limit level of a height of a liquid level is located in an interior of the first tank and a position where a lower limit level of a height of a liquid level is located in an interior of the second tank.

A temperature control device includes a first tank that stores a first heat medium; a second tank that stores a second heat medium having a temperature different from a temperature of the first heat medium, and a first communication pipe configured to connect a position where an upper limit level of a height of a liquid level is located in an interior of the first tank and a position where a lower limit level of a height of a liquid level is located in an interior of the second tank.

The current invention relates to methods and systems for evaluating a filling state of a load bearing means by means of a monitoring system comprising a sensing module; said load bearing means adapted for being carried by a transport unit; said load bearing means comprising a loading space; said sensing module situated in proximity to said load bearing means and outside of said loading space; said sensing module comprising an emitter, a receiver, an evaluator and a memory comprising calibration data; said sensing module configured for carrying out a plurality of steps; wherein a spacing S between said emitter and said receiver does not exceed 200 mm; and wherein a maximum dimension M of said load bearing means is not smaller than 4 m.

The current invention relates to methods and systems for evaluating a filling state of a load bearing means by means of a monitoring system comprising a sensing module; said load bearing means adapted for being carried by a transport unit; said load bearing means comprising a loading space; said sensing module situated in proximity to said load bearing means and outside of said loading space; said sensing module comprising an emitter, a receiver, an evaluator and a memory comprising calibration data; said sensing module configured for carrying out a plurality of steps; wherein a spacing S between said emitter and said receiver does not exceed 200 mm; and wherein a maximum dimension M of said load bearing means is not smaller than 4 m.