A measuring element is disclosed for an ion-sensitive solid-contact electrode for measuring ion activity in a measurement medium. An ion-sensitive solid-contact electrode having such a measuring element and an electrochemical sensor having such a solid-contact electrode are also disclosed. The measuring element can include an ion-sensitive layer arranged to contact a measurement medium when in operation, and conductive to lithium ions; and a single-phase electrically conductive layer, which includes metallic lithium or a lithium-(0)-alloy. A solid-state electrolyte layer can be arranged between the ion-sensitive layer and the electrically conductive layer.

A measuring element is disclosed for an ion-sensitive solid-contact electrode for measuring ion activity in a measurement medium. An ion-sensitive solid-contact electrode having such a measuring element and an electrochemical sensor having such a solid-contact electrode are also disclosed. The measuring element can include an ion-sensitive layer arranged to contact a measurement medium when in operation, and conductive to lithium ions; and a single-phase electrically conductive layer, which includes metallic lithium or a lithium-(0)-alloy. A solid-state electrolyte layer can be arranged between the ion-sensitive layer and the electrically conductive layer.

The evaluation jig includes a pair of female terminals connectable to a pair of male terminals of a charging connector and an electric wire that connects the paired female terminals to each other. The electric wire has a cross-sectional area of 70 mm.sup.2 or more and 95 mm.sup.2 or less. The electric wire has a length of 2 m or more.

A method for estimating the junction temperature on-line on an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power module, including the following steps. Estimate the junction temperature by the temperature sensitive electrical parameter method, set the space thermal model of the extended state, and apply the Kalman filter to the junction temperature estimation. The temperature sensitive electrical parameter method estimates the junction temperature of the IGBT power module in real time, selects the IGBT conduction voltage drop V.sub.CE(ON) as the temperature sensitive electrical parameter, and provides a V.sub.CE(ON) on-line measuring circuit. The power loss of the diode and IGBT and the estimated value of junction temperature obtained by the temperature sensitive electrical parameter method are taken as the input of the Kalman filter, and measurement noise and process noise are considered to obtain an optimal estimated value of junction temperature.

A method for estimating the junction temperature on-line on an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power module, including the following steps. Estimate the junction temperature by the temperature sensitive electrical parameter method, set the space thermal model of the extended state, and apply the Kalman filter to the junction temperature estimation. The temperature sensitive electrical parameter method estimates the junction temperature of the IGBT power module in real time, selects the IGBT conduction voltage drop V.sub.CE(ON) as the temperature sensitive electrical parameter, and provides a V.sub.CE(ON) on-line measuring circuit. The power loss of the diode and IGBT and the estimated value of junction temperature obtained by the temperature sensitive electrical parameter method are taken as the input of the Kalman filter, and measurement noise and process noise are considered to obtain an optimal estimated value of junction temperature.

A printed circuit board is housed in a connector. A temperature sensor is mounted on the printed circuit board between two connection pads located on one of the faces of the printed circuit board. A contact housed in the connector is placed in thermal continuity with two thermal conduction lands, one of which is arranged on the same face of the printed circuit board as the connection pads and the other of which is arranged beneath the temperature sensor. Each of the connection pads is connected to a temperature measurement circuit.

A printed circuit board is housed in a connector. A temperature sensor is mounted on the printed circuit board between two connection pads located on one of the faces of the printed circuit board. A contact housed in the connector is placed in thermal continuity with two thermal conduction lands, one of which is arranged on the same face of the printed circuit board as the connection pads and the other of which is arranged beneath the temperature sensor. Each of the connection pads is connected to a temperature measurement circuit.

The invention relates to a method for monitoring operating parameters of an actuator (10), wherein the method comprises: providing the actuator (10), providing at least two detection units (26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36) which are designed to detect different operating parameters of the actuator (10), detecting operating parameters of the actuator (10) via the detection units (26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36), outputting data relating to the measured operating parameters to an evaluation unit, combining the measured operating parameters into a state information, which indicates whether or not the technical state of the actuator (10) is in a predetermined standard state.

The invention relates to a method for monitoring operating parameters of an actuator (10), wherein the method comprises: providing the actuator (10), providing at least two detection units (26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36) which are designed to detect different operating parameters of the actuator (10), detecting operating parameters of the actuator (10) via the detection units (26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36), outputting data relating to the measured operating parameters to an evaluation unit, combining the measured operating parameters into a state information, which indicates whether or not the technical state of the actuator (10) is in a predetermined standard state.

A temperature measurement system for determining a performance of a smoke generating device includes a temperature measuring device. The temperature measuring device includes an elongated carrier and a number of thermal sensors disposed within the elongated carrier. The elongated carrier is configured to be inserted into an elongated chamber of the smoke generating device. Each of the thermal sensors includes a sensing end exposed on an outer surface of the elongated carrier. When the elongated carrier is inserted into the elongated chamber, the sensing ends respectively detect a temperature of a number of heating members of the smoke generating device.