A NEMS readout system includes a sensor array comprising a plurality of sensors. Each sensor of the plurality of sensors including a resonator with frequency characteristics different from the resonator of each other sensor of the plurality of sensors. A readout signal indicative of a plurality of output signals is collected from the sensor array. Each output signal of the plurality of output signals corresponding to one of the plurality of sensors. An analysis of the plurality of output signals is performed to identify a plurality of resonant frequencies and to detect a frequency shift associated with at least one of the plurality of resonant frequencies.

A scattering tomography device includes: a transmitting antenna that transmits radio waves into an interior of an object; a receiving antenna that receives, outside the object, scattered waves of the radio waves; and an information processing circuit that obtains measurement results over a plurality of days and generates a reconstructed image showing a persistent element inside the object based on the measurement results. The information processing circuit calculates a scattering field function for each of the measurement results, calculates a visualization function for each of the measurement results, generates intermediate images for the measurement results, and generates a reconstructed image by calculating a minimum value of an image intensity at each position in the intermediate images using a logical conjunction.

The present exemplary embodiments provide a signal detection circuit and a sensor which improve a quality factor of a resonator by modeling an initial state of the resonator using an attenuator and a phase shifter which are modeling paths and significantly change a transmission coefficient of the resonator even with a small variation of an object to be measured.

The present exemplary embodiments provide a signal detection circuit and a sensor which improve a quality factor of a resonator by modeling an initial state of the resonator using an attenuator and a phase shifter which are modeling paths and significantly change a transmission coefficient of the resonator even with a small variation of an object to be measured.

A dielectric spectroscopic measurement apparatus includes a first probe, a second probe, and a measurement instrument. The first probe includes a coaxial line and has opened one end as a detection end. The second probe includes a coaxial line and has opened one end as a detection end. Further, the second probe has a longer penetration length than the first probe. The measurement instrument determines a permittivity of a second medium from a result of a measurement of a measurement object using the first probe and a result of a measurement of the measurement object using the second probe.

A device for measuring a microwave surface resistance of a dielectric conductor deposition interface includes: a test platform, a calibration component, a sealing cavity and a support plate; wherein the test platform comprises: a shielding cavity having an open bottom, a dielectric rod, an input coupling structure, an output coupling structure, and a dielectric supporter; the dielectric conductor test sample and the test platform form a TE.sub.0m(n+δ) mode dielectric resonator; the calibration component and the dielectric conductor test sample are mounted on the test platform to measure corresponding quality factors, thereby calculating the microwave surface resistance of the deposition interface of the dielectric conductor test sample. The present invention requires no pre-measurement of relative permittivity and loss tangent of the dielectric conductor test sample. After calibration, the microwave surface resistance of the dielectric conductor deposition interface can be obtained by only one non-destructive measurement.

A chiral molecule can be defined as a molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image. These mirror images can be referred to as enantiomers. The enantiomers generally have the same set of bond lengths and bond angles in their three-dimensional geometry. Apparatus and techniques described herein can be used to perform analysis of chiral molecules using cavity-enhanced molecular rotational spectroscopy. A sample cell can define a resonant cavity, and a sample introduction port can provide pulse-jet injection of an analyte molecule and a chiral tag to allow analysis of a complex comprising the analyte and chiral tag.

A chiral molecule can be defined as a molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image. These mirror images can be referred to as enantiomers. The enantiomers generally have the same set of bond lengths and bond angles in their three-dimensional geometry. Apparatus and techniques described herein can be used to perform analysis of chiral molecules using cavity-enhanced molecular rotational spectroscopy. A sample cell can define a resonant cavity, and a sample introduction port can provide pulse-jet injection of an analyte molecule and a chiral tag to allow analysis of a complex comprising the analyte and chiral tag.

A non-invasive analyte sensor includes a receive side with a superheterodyne circuit. The superheterodyne circuit include a mixer with an input that is electrically connected to a receive antenna, and a radio frequency generator connected to another input of the mixer and that is configured to generate a radio frequency signal. The mixer outputs a signal that is based on a frequency of a signal received by the receive antenna and the frequency of the signal generated by the radio frequency generator.

A non-invasive analyte sensor includes a receive side with a superheterodyne circuit. The superheterodyne circuit include a mixer with an input that is electrically connected to a receive antenna, and a radio frequency generator connected to another input of the mixer and that is configured to generate a radio frequency signal. The mixer outputs a signal that is based on a frequency of a signal received by the receive antenna and the frequency of the signal generated by the radio frequency generator.