An x-ray-based borehole fluid evaluation tool for evaluating the characteristics of a fluid located external to said tool in a borehole using x-ray backscatter imaging is disclosed, the tool including at least an x-ray source; a radiation shield to define the output faun of the produced x-rays into the borehole fluid outside of the tool housing; at least one collimated imaging detector to record x-ray backscatter images; sonde-dependent electronics; and a plurality of tool logic electronics and power supply units. A method of using an x-ray-based borehole fluid evaluation tool to evaluate the characteristics of a fluid through x-ray backscatter imaging is also disclosed, the method including at least producing x-rays in a shaped output; measuring the intensity of backscatter x-rays returning from the fluid to each pixel of one or more array imaging detectors; and converting intensity data from said pixels into characteristics of the wellbore fluids.

An apparatus (100) for analysing a sample (101) comprising a drill core sample or drill cuttings is provided. The apparatus comprises an X-ray geological structure data unit configured to scan the sample to obtain a data set indicating a volume of the sample, a fluorescence detector (109) configured to measure fluorescent radiation emanating from the sample (101) when irradiated by the X-ray beam, and a weighing unit (105) configured to weigh the sample. The apparatus further comprises a processing unit (104) configured to calculate a density of the sample (101) based on the data set obtained by the X-ray geological structure data unit, the fluorescent radiation measured by the fluorescence detectors, and the weight provided by the weighing unit.

A method of making an apparatus suitable for detecting X-ray is disclosed. In an example, the method includes: obtaining a semiconductor substrate with a first electrical contact on a first surface and a second electrical contact on a second surface opposite the first surface, the second electrical contact comprising a plurality of discrete portions; forming a plurality of trenches extending into at least 70% of a thickness of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the plurality of trenches encircle each of the discrete portions.

A hyphae inhibition apparatus irradiates an organism having hyphae with light to inhibit growth of the hyphae. The hyphae inhibition apparatus includes a first light source generator, including at least one of a violet light source that emits light having a peak wavelength in a range of from 380 nm to 410 nm, inclusive, or a UVB light source that emits light having a peak wavelength in a range of from at least 280 nm to below 350 nm. The hyphae inhibition apparatus also includes a second light source generator, including at least one of a blue light source that emits light having a peak wavelength in a range of from at least 350 nm to below 380 nm or a UVA light source that emits light having a peak wavelength in a range of from 415 nm to 480 nm, inclusive.

A system and method for material decomposition of a single energy spectrum x-ray dataset includes accessing the single energy spectrum x-ray dataset, receiving a user-selection of a desired energy for decomposition, and decomposing the single energy spectrum x-ray dataset into material bases as a linear combination of energy dependence function of selected basis materials and the corresponding spatial dependence material bases images.

Disclosed are calibration assembly and calibration method of calibrating geometric parameters of a CT apparatus. The calibration assembly includes at least one calibration unit each including a plurality of calibration wires, and the plurality of calibration wires are arranged regularly in a same plane. The calibration assembly is easy to be processed and can be used to calibrate geometric parameters of a CT apparatus, and the calibration operations are simple and easy to be implemented.

Techniques are provided for tomographic imaging with sub-beam resolution and spectral enhancement. A system implementing the techniques according to an embodiment includes a target structure comprising one or more selected materials nanopatterned on a first surface of the target structure in a selected arrangement. The system also includes a primary particle beam source to provide a particle beam incident on an area of the first surface of the target structure, the area encompassing one or more of the nanopatterned materials, such that the materials generate characteristic X-rays in response to the primary beam. The system further includes a spectral energy detector (SED) to perform individual photon counting and spectral analysis of the characteristic X-rays and estimate attenuation properties of the imaged sample. The sample is positioned both adjacent to a second surface of the target structure, opposite the first surface, and between the target structure and the SED.

A measurement X-ray CT apparatus calibrates a geometrical positional relationship between a focus of an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, and a rotation center of a rotating table in advance. The measurement X-ray CT apparatus then obtains projection images by irradiating the object to be measured with X-rays to perform a CT scan, and generates a three-dimensional image of the object to be measured by CT reconstruction of the projection images. The measurement X-ray CT apparatus further includes a reference frame that is made of a material and has a structure less susceptible to environmental changes, and sensors that are located on the reference frame and intended to successively obtain calibration values of the geometrical positional relationship between the focus of the X-ray source and the X-ray detector during the CT scan. The calibration values are used as parameters of the CT reconstruction.

A full-angle coincidence brain PET detector and apparatus, including a plurality of PET detection modules, each of which includes PET detection crystals, a photoelectric sensor array and light guides, all the detection crystals being arranged towards a cavity. The detection modules form a chamber having an opening, each dimension of the cavity is no greater than 35-50 cm, the opening is located at a lower side of the chamber. A cross-sectional area at the opening is greater than a maximum cross-sectional area of a head in a horizontal direction. Except for the opening, all the detection modules are non-detachably connected together. All cross-sectional areas of gaps between the detection modules are less than ½ to ⅓ of the area of the smallest one of the detection crystals. At least 75% to 80% of a coincidence event occurring at a center of the chamber is detected by the detection modules.

The present disclosure provides systems, apparatuses, and methods for measuring submerged surfaces. Embodiments include a measurement apparatus including a main frame, a source positioned outside a pipe and connected to the main frame, and a detector positioned outside the pipe at a location diametrically opposite the source and connected to the main frame. The source may transmit a first amount of radiation. The detector may receive a second amount of radiation, determine a composition of the pipe based on the first and second amounts of radiation, and send at least one measurement signal. A control canister positioned on the main frame or on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) attached to the apparatus may receive the at least one measurement signal from the detector and convey the at least one measurement signal to software located topside.